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Enhancing Health in Later Years: The Importance of Carbohydrate Quality for Optimal Ageing

In collaboration with the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, a recent study conducted by researchers at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University has shed new light on the long-term benefits of consuming high-quality carbohydrates during midlife. Published on 16 May in JAMA Network Open, the research highlights the pivotal role of dietary fibre and unrefined carbohydrates in promoting healthy ageing and positive health outcomes in later life, particularly among older women. The findings add a significant layer to our understanding of how midlife nutrition shapes immediate health and long-term well-being as we grow older.

According to Andres Ardisson Korat, a scientist at the HNRCA and lead author of the study, while we have long known that different carbohydrates have varying effects on health, this research moves beyond short-term considerations. “We have all heard that different types of carbohydrates can influence health in multiple ways, whether it is weight control, energy levels, or blood sugar regulation,” he explained. “However, instead of focusing merely on these immediate outcomes, we wanted to explore how carbohydrate quality might affect overall health some 30 years later.” This perspective shifts the conversation towards a more holistic view of dietary choices made in our middle years and their substantial implications for ageing well.

The research team drew upon data from the long-running Nurses’ Health Study, which involved periodic dietary questionnaires completed every four years from 1984 to 2016. This rich dataset allowed the researchers to assess the midlife dietary habits and eventual health outcomes of more than 47,000 women, who by 2016 were aged between 70 and 93 years. The data covered a comprehensive range of carbohydrate sources, including total carbohydrates, refined carbohydrates, high-quality (unrefined) carbohydrates, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, dietary fibre, and dietary glycaemic index and load. The researchers defined healthy ageing in a multifaceted way: the absence of eleven major chronic diseases, no cognitive or physical functional decline, and good mental health, all self-reported by the study’s participants.

What emerged from this analysis was compelling. The study found that higher intakes of total carbohydrates and, more specifically, high-quality carbohydrates derived from whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes, as well as greater consumption of dietary fibre, were linked to a 6 to 37% increased likelihood of healthy ageing. Notably, these nutritional habits were also associated with better physical and mental health outcomes, extending beyond the traditional focus on disease risk reduction. In contrast, consuming refined carbohydrates from added sugars, refined grains, and starchy vegetables, including potatoes, was associated with a 13% decrease in the odds of experiencing healthy ageing. This underscores that not all carbohydrates are created equal and that dietary quality can be as important as quantity.

Qi Sun, senior author of the study and associate professor in the departments of nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard Chan School, emphasised that these findings support existing evidence linking plant-based, high-fibre diets to lower risks of chronic diseases. However, the new research adds further nuance by linking these dietary patterns to enhanced physical and cognitive function in later life. “Our results are consistent with previous studies that highlight the importance of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes in reducing chronic disease risks. What is new here is the association with physical and cognitive health, which is a critical part of what makes for healthy ageing,” Sun noted.

Nevertheless, the authors acknowledged certain limitations. Because the study cohort was composed mainly of white health professionals, there is a need to replicate these findings across more diverse populations to ensure the results are broadly applicable. Ardisson Korat also noted the need for further research to uncover the underlying biological mechanisms through which dietary fibre and high-quality carbohydrates contribute to these positive ageing outcomes. He concluded, “There is growing evidence that our food choices in midlife can shape the quality of life we experience in later years. The better we understand the science of healthy ageing, the more effectively we can guide people to make choices that support living healthier and more fulfilling lives as they age.” This research adds to a growing body of work highlighting that diet in midlife is not just about staving off disease but about laying a foundation for a robust, vibrant old age.

More information: Andres Ardisson Korat et al, Dietary Carbohydrate Intake, Carbohydrate Quality, and Healthy Aging in Women, JAMA Network Open. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.11056

Journal information: JAMA Network Open Provided by Tufts University

Daytime Sleep Patterns and Mortality Risk Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults

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A newly presented study at the SLEEP 2025 annual meeting has shed light on the intriguing link between daytime napping behaviours and mortality risk in middle-aged to older adults. The research, which relied on objective measurements of sleep patterns, found that certain daytime napping habits, specifically longer nap durations, higher day-to-day variability in nap lengths, and an increased frequency of naps around midday and the early afternoon, were significantly associated with a greater risk of death. These findings challenge some of the long-held assumptions about the potential benefits of napping in older populations, suggesting that the timing, duration, and consistency of naps could be more consequential than previously thought.

The data gathered for this investigation revealed that the median nap duration among participants was approximately 0.40 hours each day. Nap timing varied considerably across the day, with the highest percentage of naps, 34%, occurring between 9 a.m. and 11 a.m. In contrast, only 10% of naps were taken between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. The frequency increased later in the day, with 14% of naps between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m., 19% between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m., and 22% between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. Such distribution suggests a noteworthy trend of increased napping as the day progresses, raising questions about how these patterns might interact with the body’s natural circadian rhythms and overall sleep-wake cycles.

Dr. Chenlu Gao, the study’s lead author and a postdoctoral research fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, expressed her team’s surprise at the prevalence and inconsistency of napping among middle-to-older adults. She remarked, “In evaluating the sleep study results, we were surprised by how common napping was among middle-to-older aged adults, how much their daytime sleep patterns varied across days, and when during the day they are sleeping.” Her observations suggest that not all naps are created equal: longer naps, irregular nap schedules, and naps timed around midday may be more problematic than short, early-afternoon power naps, at least regarding longevity.

This stands in contrast to existing guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, which suggest that healthy adults can benefit from naps lasting 20 to 30 minutes, ideally in the early afternoon. These brief naps are thought to boost alertness and cognitive performance without the drawbacks of grogginess, or “sleep inertia,” that often accompany longer naps. However, the study’s findings indicate that naps extending beyond this optimal duration—particularly when taken later in the day or with considerable day-to-day variability—might carry unintended health consequences. This discovery challenges the notion that any daytime nap is beneficial and highlights the importance of a more nuanced approach to sleep hygiene in older populations.

What is particularly compelling about these results is their diverging from what was previously believed about midday and early afternoon naps. Dr Gao acknowledged this apparent contradiction: “Interestingly, the data that shows risks associated with napping around midday and early afternoon contradicts what we currently know about napping, so further research on that link could be warranted.” This discrepancy suggests that underlying physiological or behavioural factors may be at play that are not yet fully understood. For instance, the desire to nap during these periods might reflect undiagnosed health issues that contribute to increased mortality risk, or subtle circadian effects may render these nap periods more harmful than beneficial.

The methodology of the study itself was robust, encompassing 86,565 participants from the UK Biobank who were not engaged in shift work. Participants had an average baseline age of 63, and 57% were women. The researchers employed actigraphy, a method that tracks movement to infer sleep over seven days, defining daytime naps as any sleep episode between 9 a.m. and 7 p.m. Mortality data were obtained from national registries, providing a comprehensive and reliable source for long-term outcomes. During a follow-up period of up to 11 years, 5,189 participants, or 6% of the cohort, died. Notably, the analysis accounted for a range of potential confounding variables, such as demographic details, body mass index, smoking and alcohol use, and the duration of night-time sleep, all of which could have influenced the observed associations.

Dr. Gao did, however, caution that the study’s reliance on actigraphy presented some limitations. Since actigraphy measures only movement rather than brain activity, periods of quiet wakefulness may have been mistaken for sleep, leading to potential misclassification of some naps. Moreover, defining daytime napping as any sleep occurring between 9 a.m. and 7 p.m. could have inadvertently included segments of some participants’ main sleep episodes, particularly those with unconventional sleep schedules. Despite these limitations, the results offer valuable insights into how the nuanced patterns of daytime napping could significantly predict long-term health outcomes.

Ultimately, these findings underscore the importance of integrating daytime sleep patterns into broader health assessments, particularly in middle-aged and older adults. Dr. Gao suggested that incorporating such data into clinical and public health practices might offer new avenues for early risk identification and targeted interventions to support longevity. In light of these discoveries, it is becoming increasingly clear that night-time and daytime sleep behaviours deserve closer scrutiny in efforts to promote healthy ageing and reduce the burden of chronic disease. As researchers continue to explore the intricate connections between sleep and mortality, this study provides a timely and compelling impetus to consider how even small details in our daily rest routines carry weighty implications for our future well-being.

More information: Chenlu Gao et al, Objectively-Assessed Napping Behaviors Predict Mortality in Middle-to-Older Aged Adults, SLEEP. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaf090.0350

Journal information: SLEEP Provided by American Academy of Sleep Medicine

Sustained Weight Loss in Midlife Tied to Enhanced Longevity and Healthier Living

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The University of Helsinki has recently published a groundbreaking study that sheds significant light on the long-term health implications of midlife weight loss. Conducted over an impressive follow-up period ranging from 12 to 35 years, the research tracked the health trajectories of 23,000 individuals from Finland and the United Kingdom who were initially between 30 and 50 years of age. The results were striking: overweight men and women who shed an average of 6.5% of their body weight during early middle age and maintained that weight loss saw marked improvements in overall health outcomes. This sustained weight loss translated to a notably lower risk of chronic illnesses, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and even cancer. What stands out is that these benefits went well beyond simply preventing diabetes, encompassing a broad spectrum of chronic diseases.

Professor Timo Strandberg, who led the study, highlighted that while the health benefits of weight management through lifestyle changes have long been promoted, many previous studies struggled to produce definitive evidence of improvements in health outcomes besides diabetes prevention. Strandberg expressed hope that the findings of this study will serve as a compelling incentive for individuals to embrace and persist with healthy lifestyle changes. He particularly underscored the relevance of these findings today, as modern society grapples with escalating rates of overweight and obesity, a trend that has grown significantly in the decades since the initial data for this research were first collected.

The study’s findings also bolster the widely held view that maintaining a lifelong body mass index (BMI) below 25 is ideal for optimal health. This target appears not only to reduce the risk of diabetes but also to protect against an array of chronic illnesses and ultimately lower the risk of death from any cause. Notably, the study focused on weight loss achieved through natural means—lifestyle changes rather than surgical or pharmacological interventions. This aspect underscores the power of diet and exercise in delivering lasting health benefits rather than relying on medical treatments.

To delve deeper, the study posed a crucial question: can sustained, non-surgical, non-pharmacological weight loss during midlife yield long-term health benefits beyond merely reducing diabetes risk? The answer, as provided by the data, is a resounding yes. Adults who reduced their BMI from overweight to a healthy range in midlife and managed to maintain that reduction faced a lower risk of not only diabetes but also a host of other chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Furthermore, these individuals experienced reduced all-cause mortality compared to their peers, who remained overweight throughout the study period.

The three cohorts at the heart of the study—the Whitehall II study, the Helsinki Businessmen Study, and the Finnish Public Sector study—each contributed repeated height and weight measurements that allowed researchers to categorise participants based on their weight change patterns. Four distinct groups emerged: those who maintained a BMI below 25 throughout, those who lost weight to achieve a BMI below 25, those who gained weight to become overweight, and those who stayed overweight. It was this nuanced categorisation, along with the extensive longitudinal data, that provided the robust evidence needed to draw these conclusions.

Data analyses conducted as recently as early 2025 utilised linked electronic health records from national health registries to assess both the onset of chronic diseases and mortality outcomes. This comprehensive data approach ensured that the findings reflected real-world impacts of sustained weight loss over decades, lending considerable weight to the study’s conclusions. It also reinforced the view that while weight loss can be challenging, particularly in middle age, the benefits are profound and well worth the effort.

Ultimately, this research carries an essential message for public health: that lifestyle-based weight management—through mindful eating, regular physical activity, and healthy habits—can deliver life-extending benefits, even beyond the well-documented reduction in diabetes risk. It also challenges the narrative that weight loss is only valuable for those with a diabetes diagnosis or immediate metabolic issues. Instead, the data show that sustained weight loss in midlife is vital to overall health and longevity, offering a pathway to a longer, healthier life.

More information: Timo Strandberg et al, Weight Loss in Midlife, Chronic Disease Incidence, and All-Cause Mortality During Extended Follow-Up, JAMA Network Open. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.11825

Journal information: JAMA Network Open Provided by University of Helsinki

Unintentional Weight Loss Recognised as Leading Indicator of Fall Risk Among Elderly in Taiwan

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A recent research paper appeared in the April 1, 2025 issue of Aging (Aging-US), Volume 17, Issue 4, entitled “Examining frailty phenotypes of community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan using the falls risk for older people in the community – Taiwan version (Tw-FROP-Com).” The investigation, spearheaded by first author Ya-Mei Tzeng and corresponding authors Yu-Tien Chang and Yaw-Wen Chang of the National Defense Medical Center, delved into the risk factors for falls among older adults in Taiwan. Their analysis revealed that unintentional weight loss emerged as the most significant individual predictor of fall risk among the various signs of frailty. This discovery underscores the critical role of early detection and the need for interventions tailored to address specific frailty features, ultimately aiming to reduce falls-related injuries in older populations.

Falls represent a significant source of injury-related mortality among seniors, particularly in low- and middle-income nations. In Taiwan, falls are second only to traffic accidents as the leading cause of accidental death in individuals aged 65 and above. The research team focused on five established frailty indicators—weakness, slowness, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintentional weight loss—using the Tw-FROP-Com, a locally adapted fall risk screening tool. Frailty, generally understood as a state of diminished strength, endurance, and physiological reserves, renders older adults more susceptible to both injuries and illnesses, which can have profound consequences on their overall quality of life.

The researchers examined data from 375 older adults participating in a fall prevention programme in Keelung City. Among this group, 18.7% were categorised as frail, and almost one-third had suffered at least one fall in the previous year. All five frailty indicators were associated with heightened fall risk; however, statistical modelling demonstrated that unintentional weight loss was the strongest predictor, even when accounting for factors such as age and previous history of falls. This is a significant insight, as it suggests that not all components of frailty are equally predictive of falls, thus paving the way for more nuanced risk assessments.

Crucially, the findings of this study challenge the prevailing tendency to treat frailty as a single, binary label—frail or not frail—when evaluating fall risk. Instead, the researchers argue that treating frailty as a constellation of five distinct yet interrelated components provides a more refined and accurate prediction. This approach moves beyond a simple yes-or-no categorisation to one that accounts for the complexity of ageing physiology. It also acknowledges that unintentional weight loss may reflect underlying issues such as malnutrition, sarcopenia (the progressive loss of muscle mass and function), or chronic health conditions, all of which can exacerbate vulnerability to falls.

The broader implication of these findings is the potential for accessible and practical screening within routine healthcare settings. The Tw-FROP-Com tool’s simplicity and adaptability do not rely on sophisticated equipment or arduous physical testing. Consequently, it offers a feasible and cost-effective method to identify older adults at risk of falling. Once identified, targeted interventions—such as enhanced nutritional support, structured physical activity programmes, and systematic weight monitoring—can address these risks before a fall occurs, averting potentially severe outcomes like fractures, hospitalisations, and loss of independence.

Public health initiatives and healthcare providers are thus urged to focus not only on the overall status of frailty but also on its specific markers, particularly unintentional weight loss. By doing so, they can move beyond a generalised approach to one that prioritises individualised care and prevention. As the global population ages at an unprecedented rate, insights like those offered by this study will be invaluable. They can inform the development of more precise and effective fall prevention strategies, thereby supporting older adults to maintain their health, autonomy, and dignity in the face of advancing age.

Ultimately, this research adds to the growing body of evidence that frailty is a multidimensional condition and its constituent elements have different implications for health outcomes. By recognising and responding to these nuances, healthcare systems can better serve the ageing population and foster an environment where older adults can thrive with a reduced risk of falls and associated injuries.

More information: Ya-Mei Tzeng et al, Examining frailty phenotypes of community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan using the falls risk for older people in the community – Taiwan version (Tw-FROP-Com), Aging-US. DOI: 10.18632/aging.206231

Journal information: Aging-US Provided by Impact Journals LLC

Botanical Remedies for the Mind: Traditional Indian Medicinal Plants for Memory Decline

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The mounting global population of elderly individuals has led to an alarming surge in chronic ailments, with neurocognitive disorders like Alzheimer’s disease being of particular concern. Projections suggest that by 2050, over 150 million people worldwide may be affected by such conditions, which are hallmarked by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and compromised judgment. Conventional pharmacological treatments do exist, yet issues of affordability, accessibility, and undesirable side effects often beset them. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in holistic and culturally grounded approaches. Among these, traditional herbal medicines have garnered significant attention, especially in South Asia, where their usage is deeply rooted in the cultural and medicinal heritage of the region. Increasingly, these remedies are gaining international recognition as viable complementary or alternative therapies.

A two-phase investigative approach was adopted to identify herbal medicines traditionally used for memory loss in South Asia. The first phase involved a comprehensive textual survey of regional medicinal plant compendiums, identifying thirteen herbs reputed for their memory-enhancing properties. Noteworthy examples include Acorus calamus, Celastrus paniculatus, Withania somnifera, and Zingiber officinale. The second phase was a systematic review of scientific literature, utilising resources such as PubMed and Google Scholar to validate these herbs’ cognitive benefits through experimental studies. This methodical approach lent credibility to the traditional claims, bridging the gap between historical knowledge and modern scientific understanding.

The mechanisms by which these plants exert their memory-boosting effects have been partially elucidated. Many demonstrated an ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), enzymes responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine, an essential neurotransmitter for memory processes. This mimics the action of current Alzheimer’s medications like donepezil and galantamine. Further, some herbs, such as Celastrus paniculatus and Zingiber officinale, appeared to modulate NMDA receptors, a mechanism akin to memantine, another clinically approved treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. The plants also showcased potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, potentially mitigating the neurodegenerative processes exacerbated by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Herbs such as Acorus calamus, Withania somnifera, and Salvia officinalis, notable for their multifaceted actions, offer promising prospects as holistic interventions.

Though preclinical evidence for these plants’ cognitive benefits is abundant, human clinical trials remain limited but encouraging. Panax ginseng, for example, has been studied in a 12-week clinical trial involving older adults, where participants using a standardised extract (ThinkGIN™) experienced notable improvements in memory and overall cognitive function, with minimal adverse effects. Salvia officinalis, commonly known as sage, has also been examined in multiple randomised, double-blind trials, consistently yielding improvements in attention, working memory, and cognitive performance. Withania somnifera, or ashwagandha, has been the subject of clinical studies reporting enhancements in executive function, sleep quality, psychological wellbeing, and memory without significant side effects. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of these traditional herbs and point to the need for more robust clinical evidence.

Despite these promising results, this review acknowledges certain limitations that must be addressed to fully harness traditional herbal medicine’s potential in managing memory disorders. The reliance on a narrow selection of regional texts may have inadvertently overlooked additional promising plants, and the absence of field surveys involving traditional healers or patients restricts the depth of ethnobotanical insight. Furthermore, the exclusive focus on South Asian flora leaves a gap in understanding memory-enhancing herbs from other cultures and regions. The authors, therefore, advocate for future research that includes broader ethnobotanical surveys, expanded geographical focus, and more detailed medicinal chemistry analyses. Such endeavours would not only deepen our understanding of these traditional remedies. Still, they could also lead to the discovery of new, affordable, and effective treatments for cognitive decline, fostering a more integrated and holistic approach to mental health.

More information: Fawad Alam-Siddiqui et al, Herbal Medicine for the Mind: Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants for Memory Loss from the Indian Subcontinent, Future Integrative Medicine. DOI: 10.14218/FIM.2024.00050

Journal information: Future Integrative Medicine Provided by Xia & He Publishing Inc.

Are late-night sleepers more susceptible to cognitive decline compared to early risers?

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As we age, the prevalence of dementia in the population steadily increases, raising concerns about how best to mitigate this looming health challenge. In the Netherlands, a significant effort to address this issue is underway through the BIRD-NL project—a vast, collaborative national study led by the University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG) in partnership with many other organisations. The project aims to identify strategies to prevent dementia by understanding the complex interplay of lifestyle and biological factors that shape cognitive health. Dr Wenzler, a leading researcher in this initiative, highlights the fundamental truth that our brains begin to experience mental decline after age 40. Her work focuses on how our daily behaviours and habits can either exacerbate or delay this decline, offering hope for those seeking to preserve their mental faculties into older age.

Central to Dr Wenzler’s research is “chronotype,” the natural biological rhythm that dictates whether a person is an early bird or a night owl. This inherent inclination, she notes, is primarily shaped by our genetics and influences not only our sleep patterns but also how our bodies and minds function throughout the day. By leveraging the rich dataset provided by the Lifelines project—a large-scale Dutch study tracking the health and habits of thousands of participants—Dr Wenzler has delved deeply into how chronotype might play a role in cognitive health. Although altering one’s basic biological clock is exceedingly difficult, she suggests that aligning one’s daily routines more closely with these innate tendencies may yield substantial benefits for cognitive resilience.

To explore these connections further, Dr Wenzler analysed cognitive function tests administered to Lifelines participants over a decade, carefully observing how people’s cognitive abilities evolved. These tests measured a range of mental processes, from memory to attention span, offering a detailed picture of cognitive change. By correlating these data with individuals’ self-reported sleep patterns, she could assess whether those who naturally prefer late nights were more vulnerable to cognitive decline than their early-rising counterparts. This nuanced, data-driven approach provided an unprecedented glimpse into how chronotype can shape the trajectory of our mental acuity as we grow older.

The findings of this research were striking. Dr Wenzler observed that evening types—those naturally inclined to stay up later—tended to experience faster cognitive decline over the ten years than morning types. She attributes this to a range of unhealthy behaviours that are more common in the evening hours, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and eating poorly. “In our study, we saw that evening people tend to smoke and drink more often and exercise less,” she explains. Importantly, as measured in this study, about 25% of the risk of cognitive decline was directly linked to these detrimental behaviours, reinforcing the idea that our social habits can significantly influence how our brains age.

Interestingly, the research uncovered that the difference in cognitive decline was most prominent among people with higher educational attainment. Dr Wenzler believes this may reflect the rigid demands of early work start times often found in high-skilled professions, which can clash with the natural rhythms of night owls. For these individuals, the ongoing pressure to rise early, despite their biological inclination to later nights, can lead to chronic sleep deprivation. This misalignment not only diminishes the brain’s capacity to recover and refresh but may also encourage unhealthy habits as a coping mechanism, ultimately accelerating cognitive decline.

Dr Wenzler, who identifies herself as more of an early bird, explains that genetic factors largely determine chronotype. Most people are morning-oriented in childhood, but during adolescence, a shift towards later sleep patterns emerges—a change driven by developmental biology and hormonal changes. For the majority, this evening orientation gradually returns to a more morning-focused rhythm by the time they reach their forties. Nevertheless, not everyone conforms to this pattern; some individuals remain night owls throughout their lives. These night owls, she suggests, stand somewhat apart from the typical biological rhythm, presenting unique challenges in harmonising their sleep patterns with societal expectations.

Since chronotype is mainly inborn and resistant to deliberate change, Dr Wenzler argues that working with one’s biological tendencies rather than against them is more pragmatic. She advises that night owls should not force themselves to go to bed earlier if their bodies do not produce sufficient melatonin, which induces sleep. Instead, she recommends adjusting work schedules and daily routines where possible to accommodate these natural rhythms, thereby reducing strain and promoting better health outcomes. She points out that individuals with lower or middle levels of education might be better able to adapt their schedules due to the nature of their jobs, such as working in hospitality or other shift-based sectors. By contrast, office workers and professionals often have less flexibility, and the misalignment can have significant consequences for these individuals. Looking ahead, Dr Wenzler’s ongoing research seeks to determine whether the faster cognitive decline seen in night owls during midlife translates into an increased risk of dementia in later years. She hopes these findings will inform better strategies and practical advice to help people of all chronotypes live healthier, cognitively richer lives as they age.

More information: A.N. Wenzler et al, Chronotype as a potential risk factor for cognitive decline: The mediating role of sleep quality and health behaviours in a 10-year follow-up study, The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease. DOI: 10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100168

Journal information: The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease Provided by Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen

A Mobile App for Early Detection of Heart Attacks and Strokes: A Life-Saving Innovation

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A potentially life-saving new smartphone application is showing promise in helping people determine if they are experiencing a heart attack or stroke and, crucially, whether they need to seek immediate medical attention. According to a clinical study, this app could prove invaluable in reducing delays in care, which are often a matter of life and death in such medical emergencies. Developed by a collaborative team of experts from UVA Health, Harvard, Northeastern and other renowned institutions, the app, called ECHAS (Emergency Call for Heart Attack and Stroke), aims to empower people to identify the signs of these emergencies and take action promptly.

The app’s primary goal is to ensure that people can recognise the early symptoms of strokes and heart attacks, which can often be subtle or confusing for those without medical training. ECHAS replicates the key questions that healthcare providers typically ask in emergency rooms, combining these with a simple but effective finger-tapping test to check for weakness on one side of the body — a common sign of a stroke. After the user completes this brief virtual assessment, the app calculates a risk score and advises whether to call emergency services, contact a medical hotline or speak to their doctor.

In the initial clinical trial, which involved over 200 real-life emergency room patients, the ECHAS app showed remarkable accuracy. Researchers reported that it was “susceptible” in identifying those needing emergency care. Moreover, the app was rated “highly usable,” indicating it is accessible to people without medical backgrounds. Amongst the 202 patients, 57 exhibited stroke symptoms, while 145 presented with signs of a heart attack, with an average age of 62. Most of the participants were white, and 126 were men. Despite this diversity, the app consistently identified those who needed hospital admission following emergency evaluation.

Dr Jonathan R. Crowe, a UVA Health neurologist and one of the study’s authors, emphasised the critical importance of rapid care in these situations. “Heart attack and stroke are two leading causes of death in Virginia and the U.S. Our study found that the ECHAS app could accurately identify patients with heart attack, stroke and other emergency brain or heart problems who needed evaluation in the emergency room or admission to the hospital,” he explained. “We hope ECHAS could help save lives by reducing delay and helping patients get the heart attack and stroke care they need.” Dr Crowe’s words highlight the app’s potential to fill an urgent gap in early recognition and response to these life-threatening events.

Speed is of the essence when dealing with strokes and heart attacks. Medical professionals often refer to the first 60 minutes after the onset of symptoms as the “golden hour” — the window during which treatments are most effective and outcomes are vastly improved. Tragically, more than half of all stroke-related deaths occur before the patient even reaches the hospital. Those who survive such an ordeal often face long-lasting, life-altering disabilities. Sadly, many people delay seeking medical help because they are unsure if their symptoms constitute an actual emergency. ECHAS aims to change this hesitation by providing real-time clear, evidence-based guidance.

Although the ECHAS app is not publicly available, the researchers remain optimistic about its future. Dr Crowe noted that they seek additional funding through grants to conduct larger studies and refine the app’s capabilities. “At UVA, we have partnered with UVA’s Center for Telehealth to apply for a grant to study ECHAS here in Virginia,” he said. “We want people in Virginia and around the world to be able to use their smartphones and tablets to reduce delay and help them get the care they need, especially in medical emergencies.” As further trials expand and refine its accuracy and usability, ECHAS promises to transform how people respond to sudden and severe health crises — ultimately saving countless lives in the process.

More information: Jonathan R. Crowe et al, Assessment of the Sensitivity of a Smartphone App to Assist Patients in the Identification of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction: Cross-Sectional Study, JMIR Formative Research. DOI: 10.2196/60465

Journal information: JMIR Formative Research Provided by University of Virginia Health System

Recent scientific research reveals possible connection between microplastics in heavily processed foods and brain function

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A groundbreaking collection of four papers published in the May edition of Brain Medicine has brought together growing evidence that microplastics from ultra-processed foods may be accumulating in the human brain, potentially contributing to the global rise in depression, dementia, and other mental health disorders. These papers offer the most comprehensive examination of how these tiny plastic particles could affect brain health through multiple interconnected biological pathways, opening up urgent new questions about the actual impact of modern diets on our minds.

The striking cover of Brain Medicine’s May 2025 issue features an image of a human brain speckled with vibrant microplastic particles beside a plastic spoon — a potent visual representation of the collection’s core finding that human brains may contain approximately “a spoonful” of microplastics. This theme is explored in depth across the four papers, which include a viewpoint article synthesising emerging evidence of microplastic accumulation in the human body and its potential links to mental health, alongside three new documents that expand on this research.

The featured viewpoint article by Dr. Nicholas Fabiano and colleagues proposes a novel hypothesis connecting ultra-processed food consumption, microplastic exposure, and mental health outcomes. Dr Fabiano notes that ultra-processed foods now make up more than half of energy intake in countries like the United States and contain far higher levels of microplastics than whole foods. Recent studies have shown that these tiny particles can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate significantly, suggesting a worrying link between modern diets and brain health.

This hypothesis gains weight from existing evidence showing ultra-processed food consumption’s adverse mental health effects. A recent umbrella review in The BMJ found that people who ate ultra-processed foods had a 22% higher risk of depression and a 48% higher risk of anxiety compared to those who ate more whole foods. What makes the current hypothesis particularly intriguing is that microplastics — particles smaller than 5mm — may be a crucial but previously overlooked link in this relationship, with heavily processed foods such as chicken nuggets containing up to 30 times more microplastics per gram than fresh chicken breasts.

Dr Wolfgang Marx highlights that ultra-processed foods and microplastics share biological mechanisms that could harm mental health, including inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disruptions to neurotransmitter systems. The viewpoint article suggests the creation of a Dietary Microplastic Index (DMI) to quantify exposure to these particles through diet, setting the stage for a more rigorous investigation into their potential role in the observed adverse mental health outcomes associated with ultra-processed food consumption.

Alongside this, a Brevia research paper by Dr Stefan Bornstein explores the possibility that therapeutic apheresis — a blood-filtering technique — could remove microplastics from human circulation. While much more research is needed to confirm its viability, it points to a possible pathway for mitigating microplastic accumulation. The issue concludes with a passionate guest editorial by Dr. Ma-Li Wong, who warns that if microplastics can cross the blood-brain barrier, the traditional boundary between the human body and environmental contaminants has already eroded. The authors call for urgent further investigation and underscore the need to reduce ultra-processed food intake and identify ways to detect and remove microplastics from the body, emphasising that these environmental threats may have more profound implications for our mental well-being than previously understood.

More information: Ma-Li Wong et al, Una cuchara de plástico en tu cerebro: The calamity of a plastic spoon in your brain, Brain Medicine. DOI: 10.61373/bm025g.0062

Journal information: Brain Medicine Provided by Genomic Press

Determinants of Healthy Ageing in Humans: Perspectives from Long-Lived Individuals

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Healthy ageing and longevity are intricate, multifactorial phenomena shaped by the dynamic interplay of genetic, epigenetic, metabolic, immune, and environmental determinants. Long-lived individuals (LLIs), particularly centenarians, serve as exceptional models for understanding these mechanisms because of their remarkable ability to avoid or significantly delay the onset of age-related diseases. This review synthesises the current knowledge landscape regarding the myriad factors underpinning exceptional longevity, drawing upon insights from diverse population studies of LLIs.

LLIs, generally defined as those who survive beyond 90 years, exhibit strikingly distinctive health profiles. These individuals tend to experience lower rates of morbidity, a delayed onset of chronic conditions, and a preservation of physiological functions well into advanced age. Notably, many LLIs are found in “longevity blue zones”, such as Okinawa in Japan and Sardinia in Italy, regions where favourable environmental conditions and lifestyle practices intersect with genetic predispositions. Gender differences also play a significant role, with women forming the majority of centenarian populations, though male centenarians often display a reduced burden of age-related diseases. Within this heterogeneous group, LLIs can be further classified as “escapers,” who avoid major diseases entirely; “delayers,” who postpone them until later in life; and “survivors,” who manage to live with chronic illnesses while maintaining resilience.

Genetics contributes substantially to longevity, as evidenced by the familial clustering of LLIs, which suggests a heritable component. Several nuclear genomic variants have been identified as significant contributors to healthy ageing. Among these, APOE ε2 is notable for its protective effect against cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s. At the same time, FOXO3A plays a role in oxidative stress resistance and DNA repair, which is crucial for maintaining cellular integrity. SIRT6, another prominent gene, is involved in genome stability and maintenance. Mitochondrial haplogroups J and D have been associated with reduced oxidative stress levels, contributing to healthier cellular environments. Telomere maintenance genes, such as hTERT and TERC, are vital for chromosomal stability and cellular longevity. However, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) consistently highlight APOE and FOXO3A as the most robust genetic factors associated with longevity across diverse populations, underscoring their pivotal influence.

Beyond genetic predispositions, epigenetic mechanisms serve as a bridge between inherited factors and environmental influences. Studies of DNA methylation in LLIs have shown that these individuals exhibit a slower rate of age-related methylation loss, particularly within heterochromatic regions of the genome. This epigenetic stability may act as a safeguard for genomic integrity, forestalling the onset of age-related dysfunctions. Additionally, noncoding RNAs, such as microRNA miR-363* and long noncoding RNAs, like THBS1-IT1/AS1, modulate cellular senescence and gene expression, thereby contributing to maintaining health and vitality. Such epigenetic markers are increasingly recognised as signatures of biological youthfulness and a diminished risk of disease in LLIs and, interestingly, in their offspring.

Metabolic adaptations also feature prominently in the health profiles of LLIs. They generally exhibit favourable lipid metabolism, with lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. These metabolic profiles are coupled with reduced insulin resistance and heightened antioxidant defences. Hormonal profiles in LLIs often reflect lower thyroid hormone levels and preservation of sex hormones, such as estradiol in females and testosterone in males, which are believed to play protective roles against age-related decline. Caloric restriction (CR), a dietary intervention well-established in model organisms, mimics these metabolic states by improving glucose metabolism and mitigating inflammation. CR mimetics, including metformin and resveratrol, hold promise in replicating these benefits in humans without the challenges of stringent dietary restrictions.

The immune system of LLIs also undergoes significant modulation, which likely contributes to their disease resistance. Unlike the chronic low-grade inflammation typically seen in older adults, known as “inflammaging,” LLIs demonstrate lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines like transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Their immune systems retain robust T-cell proliferation and natural killer cell activity, reflecting an enduring ability to fend off infections and malignancies. Furthermore, the balance within T-cell populations shifts towards the dominance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) over pro-inflammatory Th17 cells, fostering an anti-inflammatory milieu conducive to longevity.

Environmental and lifestyle factors remain critical to the equation of healthy ageing. Studies of the gut microbiota in LLIs reveal greater microbial diversity and an abundance of health-promoting bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium species, contributing to gut integrity and the production of beneficial metabolites. Diets rich in plant-based foods—vegetables, whole grains, and nuts—are consistently linked to a lower incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular ailments, and neurodegenerative disorders. Regular physical activity, especially endurance and strength training, further enhances metabolic health and supports mitochondrial function, mitigating the oxidative stress that accelerates ageing. Additional lifestyle practices, including non-smoking, moderate alcohol consumption, restful sleep, and effective stress management, create a framework that bolsters health and extends lifespan.

Socioeconomic and medical advancements have undoubtedly increased average life expectancy through improved sanitation, vaccinations, and healthcare systems. Yet, the interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors underpins the exceptional longevity observed in LLIs. Future research that harnesses the power of multi-omics approaches—including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—promises to unravel the complex networks that govern healthy ageing in larger LLI cohorts. In parallel, functional studies using model organisms and clinical trials of interventions such as probiotics and CR mimetics will be essential for translating these insights into therapeutic strategies.

In conclusion, human longevity emerges from a sophisticated synergy of genetic resilience, epigenetic stability, metabolic flexibility, immune competence, and health-promoting lifestyle choices. Long-lived individuals exemplify the convergence of these factors, offering a living testament to the possibility of delaying ageing and extending health span. As populations around the globe continue to age, deciphering these mechanisms holds the key to developing personalised interventions aimed at enhancing not merely lifespan but also the quality of life in the later years.

More information: Fan-Qian Yin et al, Factors involved in human healthy aging: insights from longevity individuals, Frontiers of Medicine. DOI: 10.1007/s11684-024-1120-4

Journal information: Frontiers of Medicine Provided by Higher Education Press

New Study Reveals Greater Cannabis Retail Density in Low-Income, Predominantly Black and Hispanic Communities

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A new and illuminating study has shed light on the troublingly disproportionate presence of recreational (nonmedical) cannabis retailers in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods and areas with higher proportions of Black and Hispanic residents across 18 states in the United States that have legalised adult-use cannabis. The research, published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine by Elsevier, provides crucial data for policymakers and public health officials, calling for strategies that prioritise equitable distribution of cannabis retailers. This is particularly relevant in an era when cannabis consumption is growing and the legal market continues to expand across the country.

The researchers conducted a detailed analysis using 2023 data from state agencies, which included 5,586 licensed recreational cannabis retailers across the 18 states that legalised recreational cannabis between 2012 and 2022. These states are Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington. To assess the correlation between neighbourhood deprivation and cannabis retailer concentration, the team employed multilevel logistic regression and negative binomial Poisson regression models, using geocoded retailer address data and census tract-level deprivation indices.

Dr Lindsay L. Kephart, the lead author and a researcher in the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, emphasised the stark disparity revealed by the findings. She explained that although cannabis retailers were present in just over 10% of census tracts within these legalised states, the most socioeconomically disadvantaged areas were consistently more likely to host them. In particular, neighbourhoods with high concentrations of low-income Black residents had 2.53 times the number of cannabis retailers compared to high-income, predominantly White neighbourhoods. For low-income Hispanic communities, this figure rose to 2.67 times. This pattern persisted across various definitions of neighbourhood disadvantage and was robust across all 18 states studied, regardless of their regional location or the specific timing of cannabis legalisation.

This distribution of cannabis retailers mirrors long-standing patterns observed with other legal substances, such as tobacco and alcohol. Historically, retailers of these products have often been situated in lower-income communities and communities of colour, reflecting systemic and structural factors that shape urban development and commercial zoning. Dr Kephart noted that this clustering may not always result from deliberate targeting but is frequently the outcome of structural inequalities, including zoning and land use policies that have historically placed undesirable commercial enterprises in less privileged neighbourhoods. She pointed to the influence of Not-In-My-Backyard (NIMBY) policies, which often divert cannabis retailers away from more affluent communities.

A particularly intriguing aspect of the study was a sensitivity analysis, which suggested that racial disadvantage alone—absent income considerations—did not significantly predict cannabis retailer density. This implies that socioeconomic factors may exert a more substantial influence than race. However, Dr Kephart cautioned that the intersection of race and income remains vital, as neighbourhoods with high proportions of low-income residents of colour experienced the highest densities of cannabis retailers. This highlights the need for policies that acknowledge the multifaceted nature of disadvantage, incorporating race and income in their analyses and interventions.

The broader implications of these findings are significant. Cannabis is currently one of the most widely consumed substances in the United States, with nearly 19% of those aged 12 or older reporting use in the past year. As of November 2024, 24 states have legalised recreational cannabis sales, raising concerns about how this evolving industry may differentially impact communities. Dr Kephart argued that the high density of cannabis retailers in disadvantaged neighbourhoods could exacerbate substance use disparities by increasing accessibility, lowering perceived health risks, and introducing novel products that may particularly appeal to young people. These factors, in turn, could have long-term implications for public health and community well-being.

Conversely, it is essential to acknowledge that the presence of legal cannabis retailers may also have some potential benefits, particularly in areas where illicit cannabis markets have historically flourished. Dr Kephart observed that a regulated and taxed supply of cannabis may help reduce the demand for illegal products, increase safety by ensuring product quality, and generate tax revenues that can be reinvested in local communities. Indeed, existing research suggests that recreational cannabis legalisation is associated with rising home values, especially in early-adopting states like Colorado and Washington. Although the precise causes are not yet fully understood, they may include economic development linked to the cannabis industry and broader social and policy changes that make neighbourhoods more attractive to homebuyers.

In closing, Dr Kephart stressed the importance of grounding cannabis policy in rigorous, evidence-based research. Such research can provide communities with the tools to make informed decisions about where cannabis retailers should be located, ensuring a balance between consumer access for adults and the minimisation of harm to vulnerable populations, particularly youth. Local policies such as zoning regulations or caps on the number of cannabis retailers in specific neighbourhoods may be instrumental in achieving this balance, helping to mitigate potential harms while supporting safe, legal access for those who choose to use cannabis.

More information: Lindsay L. Kephart et al, The Unequal Geography of Recreational Cannabis Retailers in the U.S., American Journal of Preventive Medicine. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2025.107643

Journal information: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Provided by Elsevier

Fewer new dementia cases in the US, yet growing numbers of people living with it

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A new study published in The BMJ has brought to light a complex and nuanced picture of dementia in the United States. Between 2015 and 2021, the rate of new dementia diagnoses—known as incidence—declined among Americans aged 66 and older. Yet, the number of people living with the condition has steadily risen. This finding reflects a tension between improved disease prevention on the one hand and an ageing population on the other. In 2021 alone, nearly 2.9 million individuals enrolled in traditional Medicare—roughly 12%—were living with a diagnosis of dementia, underscoring the growing impact of this condition on the nation’s healthcare landscape.

Drawing upon an extensive dataset of medical claims for over 5 million fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries, the researchers noted that incidence fell from 3.5% to 2.8% over the six years. At the same time, prevalence—the proportion of people living with dementia—rose from 10.5% to 11.8%. This paradox reveals an essential aspect of dementia care: even as fewer people are newly diagnosed each year, more people than ever before are living longer lives with the disease. The researchers attribute the decline in new cases partly to improved management of cardiovascular risk factors, which play a significant role in dementia development. However, the ageing of the population means that more people are surviving long enough to experience dementia or are living longer after a diagnosis has been made.

Interestingly, the data reveal subtle yet telling differences between the sexes. In 2015, the incidence of dementia was slightly higher among men (3.5%) than women (3.4%) of the same age, and this gap widened by 2021, with men at 2.9% and women at 2.6%. Yet, paradoxically, the majority of people living with dementia are women—60% of those diagnosed in 2021. The authors explain this by pointing to women’s longer life expectancy, which means that more women live in the age range where dementia risk is highest. As such, while men may face a higher annual risk of developing dementia, the overall burden of the condition weighs more heavily on women in later life.

The study also highlights stark and persistent inequalities in dementia risk among different racial and ethnic groups, as well as across neighbourhoods marked by socioeconomic deprivation. Black beneficiaries had the highest incidence of dementia throughout the period, with 4.2% newly diagnosed in 2015 and 3.1% in 2021. Hispanic beneficiaries followed, with rates of 3.7% and 2.6%, respectively. White beneficiaries had the lowest rates in both years. These disparities underscore how social determinants of health—factors such as income, education, and access to healthcare—play a profound role in shaping the dementia burden across communities.

The authors point out that the reasons behind these racial and socioeconomic disparities are complex and multifaceted. It is possible that structural factors, such as historical discrimination and unequal access to healthcare resources, contribute to higher dementia incidence in marginalised populations. Furthermore, those living in deprived neighbourhoods may face more cumulative risks—poorer nutrition, higher rates of cardiovascular disease, and fewer opportunities for healthy ageing—which in turn elevate dementia risk. Addressing these underlying causes, the researchers argue, is essential to promoting health equity in dementia care.

Notably, the researchers also caution that their robust findings should be interpreted with care. As an observational study, their work does not establish direct cause-and-effect relationships. Moreover, Medicare claims data may not perfectly capture diagnoses or may fail to account for individuals who do not have fee-for-service Medicare coverage. The data also have limitations in accurately classifying race and ethnicity, which means that the true extent of disparities could be even greater than reported. Nevertheless, the sheer size and scope of the dataset provide valuable insights into real-world diagnostic patterns and help fill an essential gap in the medical literature.

An accompanying editorial by UK researchers echoes these concerns, noting that marginalised minorities are often under-represented in fee-for-service Medicare plans. This under-representation suggests that the actual burden of dementia in disadvantaged groups could be even more significant than the current data show. Furthermore, greater health awareness and earlier diagnoses in wealthier communities might mask the true magnitude of the socioeconomic divide. Taken together, these findings highlight the pressing need for improved services for those living with dementia, particularly in areas where higher incidence and prevalence are observed, and for policy initiatives aimed at addressing risk factors and inequalities from early life onwards.

More information: Jay B Lusk et al, Incidence and prevalence of dementia among US Medicare beneficiaries, 2015-21: population based study, The BMJ. DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2024-083034

Journal information: The BMJ Provided by BMJ Group

The Role of Brain Insulin Resistance in Connecting Alzheimer’s Disease and Epilepsy

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Researchers from the University of São Paulo (USP) in Brazil have demonstrated in animal models that insulin resistance in the brain could be a key link between Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. Their study, funded by FAPESP and recently published in the Journal of Neural Transmission, provides fresh insights into how these two complex neurological conditions may be intertwined. Professor Norberto Garcia-Cairasco, director of the Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology, highlighted that this discovery bolsters existing evidence that people with epilepsy are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease as they age and that seizures are common in those with Alzheimer’s.

Alzheimer’s disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative condition with no known cure, long associated with the amyloid cascade hypothesis. This theory suggests that the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain triggers neuronal damage and cognitive decline. However, other theories have emerged, focusing on the role of tau protein tangles, decreased acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter essential for memory), and neuroinflammation. These factors all contribute to the complex pathology of Alzheimer’s, suggesting that a broader therapeutic approach is needed beyond just targeting beta-amyloid.

Another area of interest is the so-called “type 3 diabetes” hypothesis, which posits that insulin resistance within the brain damages neurons and disrupts synaptic plasticity, especially in the hippocampus. Garcia-Cairasco and his team believe this cerebral insulin resistance can impair cholinergic function, leading to neuroinflammation and increasing the accumulation of beta-amyloid and tau proteins accumulation. Importantly, central insulin resistance can occur even without systemic diabetes, hinting at a unique pathway of neurodegeneration.

The researchers conducted experiments in rats, injecting them with streptozotocin to induce insulin resistance in the brain. They found that these rats not only developed Alzheimer ’s-like symptoms but also showed an increased susceptibility to seizures after exposure to high-intensity sounds. Conversely, genetically engineered rats predisposed to epilepsy (Wistar Audiogenic Rat strain) exhibited molecular markers typical of Alzheimer’s disease, such as tau hyperphosphorylation and reduced insulin receptor activity in the hippocampus.

A single dose of streptozotocin in these rats resulted in both memory deficits and a heightened tendency for seizures. This suggests that insulin resistance in the brain does not just affect memory and cognitive function but increases neuronal excitability, making seizures more likely. The team also noted that genetic differences influence how the brain responds to insulin disruption, hinting at a potential for personalised approaches to treatment in the future.

This critical work has already garnered recognition, winning the Aristides Leão Award at the Brazilian Epilepsy League Congress and the Best Poster Award in Geriatrics at the Brazilian Alzheimer’s Congress. The unique strain of rats developed in this study has been shared with researchers worldwide, offering a new model for studying the complex link between Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. Such collaborations may pave the way for more targeted therapies that address insulin resistance in the brain, bringing fresh hope for treating these debilitating conditions.

More information: Norberto Garcia-Cairasco et al, Insulin signaling disruption exacerbates memory impairment and seizure susceptibility in an epilepsy model with Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology, Journal of Neural Transmission. DOI: 10.1007/s00702-025-02896-1

Journal information: Journal of Neural Transmission Provided by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo