Monthly Archives: June 2025

Research reveals impact of obesity on healthcare delivery

A recent qualitative study has found that older adults living with obesity often feel judged or dismissed by care providers because of their weight, which can lead to a reluctance to seek help. This research, conducted by teams at Anglia Ruskin University (ARU) and the University of West London, draws attention to the social and systemic barriers many older individuals face in accessing appropriate care. The findings indicate that these barriers are physical and deeply emotional, contributing to the neglect of crucial care needs within this population.

The study, published in PLOS One, involved in-depth interviews with 33 older adults and examined their experiences with formal and informal care systems. Participants reported concerns over being negatively perceived due to their weight, often preventing them from requesting help. Some even described interactions with care providers that reinforced feelings of shame or inadequacy. These social pressures, the study notes, act as a powerful deterrent, leaving some individuals to struggle in silence rather than face potential stigma or embarrassment.

Beyond these social concerns, participants also encountered numerous physical obstacles in accessing care. Many reported that standard equipment and facilities were ill-suited to their needs, often lacking in size, stability, or safety features necessary for individuals with higher body weights. For instance, inadequate seating, narrow doorways, or inaccessible bathrooms created daily challenges and increased the risk of injury. These physical limitations, combined with the perception of being unwelcome or burdensome, contributed to deep feelings of isolation and, in some cases, worsened physical and mental health outcomes.

Emotional and psychological effects were also prominent in the participants’ accounts. Many spoke of heightened stress, frustration, and a sense of social discrimination. Several felt like a burden to their families or caregivers, particularly when their needs could not be easily accommodated. In some cases, obesity-related health issues have forced individuals out of employment, leading to financial hardship. Others described a growing sense of helplessness, made worse by a lack of access to hobbies, suitable housing adaptations, or consistent social support. These unmet needs left many participants trapped in an environment that neither understood nor supported their lived experience.

To address these issues, the researchers developed a new framework for understanding the unique care needs of older adults with obesity. This model is designed to help healthcare professionals and policymakers identify specific areas where care systems are failing. By targeting these gaps, the study suggests that more effective, inclusive, and cost-efficient care strategies can be implemented. It advocates for preventative measures, flexible care planning, and improvements to infrastructure, alongside cultural shifts in how obesity is perceived and discussed within the care sector.

Dr Gargi Ghosh, lead author and Senior Lecturer in the School of Nursing and Midwifery at ARU highlighted the urgency of reform. She stressed that as the population ages and obesity rates continue to rise, the consequences of failing to address this issue will only intensify. According to the 2022 Health Survey for England, over a third of adults aged 55 to 74 are now living with obesity. Dr Ghosh called for comprehensive changes, including increased awareness among care professionals, specific training to address weight-related bias, and creating care environments that accommodate all bodies. The study serves as a call to action, urging a shift towards a more compassionate and equitable approach to social care.

More information: Gargi Ghosh et al, A qualitative study to examine hidden care burden for older adults with overweight and obesity in England, PLOS One. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0320253

Journal information: PLOS One Provided by Anglia Ruskin University

New study reveals connection between depression and heightened dementia risk in middle and later life

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A groundbreaking new study has revealed that depression experienced in both midlife and later life is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. Published in eClinicalMedicine, the research provides some of the most robust evidence that mental health across the lifespan plays a crucial role in determining cognitive outcomes in older age. This study deepens our understanding of the temporal relationship between depression and dementia, helping to clarify whether the age at which depression first appears affects the likelihood of developing cognitive decline.

Jacob Brain and Maha Alshahrani led the research in collaboration between the Institute of Mental Health and the School of Medicine at the University of Nottingham, the University of Adelaide, and the Dementia Centre of Excellence at Curtin University in Australia. Speaking on the findings, Mr Brain stated, “Our study shows that depression is linked to an increased risk of dementia in both midlife and late life. This highlights the importance of recognising and treating depression across the life course, not just for mental health, but also as part of a broader strategy to protect brain health.” He also emphasised the need for public health initiatives to emphasise preventative mental healthcare as a key component of brain health promotion.

Globally, over 57 million people are currently living with dementia, and the number continues to rise as populations age. With no known cure, prevention has become a critical focus of public health. The identification of modifiable risk factors—like depression—has therefore gained prominence in research and policy. Understanding how, when, and why depression might contribute to the onset of dementia could open up new avenues for intervention, especially at earlier stages of life. However, prior research has been inconclusive about whether depression at specific life stages—midlife versus later life—has differential effects on dementia risk.
To address this, the research team conducted an umbrella review, which synthesised findings from existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses, ensuring that only the highest-quality evidence was included. They then went further by reanalysing data from the individual studies that those reviews were based on and adding more recent research that had been excluded from earlier analyses. This approach allowed for a comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of how depression at different life stages is linked to dementia risk, offering far greater specificity than earlier studies.

Their results were striking. Depression in both midlife (typically in one’s 40s or 50s) and late life (from one’s 60s onwards) was found to be significantly associated with a higher likelihood of developing dementia. By separating the analysis according to the timing of depression onset, the study reinforced the overall risk relationship and identified essential differences in how that risk manifests over time. Mr Brain noted that this clarity “helps guide future research, treatment, and prevention strategies” by identifying precisely when interventions could be most effective.

The study also raises the possibility that late-life depression may not only be a risk factor but could, in some cases, serve as an early indicator of dementia. The symptoms of depression and the early stages of cognitive decline can sometimes overlap, making it challenging to distinguish between the two. Nonetheless, by identifying patterns and timing, the researchers offer an essential step towards disentangling these relationships. If late-life depression indeed reflects early neurodegenerative changes, it might serve as a crucial window for early detection and intervention, even before more definitive symptoms of dementia appear.

While the biological mechanisms underlying the depression–dementia link remain complex, the study discusses several plausible pathways. These include chronic inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis disruptions, vascular damage, neurotrophic factor changes, and neurotransmitter imbalances. There may also be genetic susceptibilities and behavioural factors, such as reduced physical activity or poor sleep, that contribute to the observed associations. Regardless of the exact mechanisms, this research reinforces the need to treat depression not only as a mental health condition but as a potential harbinger of future cognitive decline. In doing so, it calls for integrated mental and brain health strategies that prioritise early diagnosis, sustained support, and equitable access to effective treatment across all ages.

More information: Jacob Brain et al, Temporal dynamics in the association between depression and dementia: an umbrella review and meta-analysis, EClinicalMedicine. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103266

Journal information: EClinicalMedicine Provided by University of Nottingham

Coffee Consumption Tied to Healthier Ageing in Women

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A recent large-scale longitudinal study has found a promising link between midlife coffee consumption and healthy ageing in women. Conducted over three decades, the research followed nearly 50,000 women from the well-established Nurses’ Health Study and observed that those who regularly drank caffeinated coffee during their middle years were more likely to remain mentally sharp, physically capable, and free from major chronic illnesses well into old age. These findings suggest that the benefits of coffee may extend beyond its well-known energising properties to encompass broader aspects of long-term health and resilience.

The research team, led by Dr Sara Mahdavi, a postdoctoral fellow at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and adjunct professor at the University of Toronto, examined participants’ dietary habits starting in 1984. Women aged 45 to 60 reported their caffeine intake via detailed food frequency questionnaires, which included coffee, tea, cola, and decaffeinated coffee. The researchers defined “healthy ageing” as surviving at least 70 while remaining free from 11 major chronic diseases, retaining physical function, and maintaining good cognitive and mental health. Out of the original cohort, 3,706 women ultimately met these stringent criteria for healthy ageing by 2016.

What stood out in the analysis was the association between caffeine from coffee—rather than from other sources—and improved health outcomes. Women who consumed around 315 milligrams of caffeine daily in midlife (equivalent to roughly three small cups of coffee) were likelier to age healthily. The study observed that each additional cup of coffee per day was linked to a 2% to 5% greater likelihood of reaching older age in good health, up to a threshold of five small cups daily. Over 80% of the caffeine consumed by women in the healthy ageing group came from regular coffee, not from tea or soda.

Interestingly, the study did not find any significant associations between healthy ageing and tea or decaffeinated coffee consumption. More strikingly, it revealed that greater consumption of cola—another source of caffeine—was associated with a 20% to 26% lower likelihood of healthy ageing. This suggests that it is not caffeine alone that contributes to positive ageing outcomes but rather something specific to the chemical composition of coffee. Coffee contains a wide array of bioactive compounds, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, which may work together to affect biological pathways related to ageing, such as oxidative stress, metabolic regulation, and neuroprotection.

Dr Mahdavi emphasised the study’s methodological strengths, including its large sample size, lengthy follow-up period, and repeated assessments of diet and lifestyle every four years. These factors allowed the researchers to adjust for confounding variables such as body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, education level, and protein intake. This robust design adds weight to the idea that regular coffee consumption may offer modest yet meaningful support for ageing well, especially when combined with other healthy habits.

Nevertheless, the researchers urge caution in interpreting these results as a prescription for unlimited coffee intake. While moderate coffee consumption appears safe—and even potentially beneficial—for most people, individual tolerance to caffeine varies. Previous research by Dr Mahdavi and her colleagues has demonstrated that genetic differences can affect how people metabolise caffeine, meaning some individuals may experience adverse effects from high consumption. For this reason, the researchers generally recommend limiting intake to around two cups per day unless one knows they can tolerate more. Future studies will explore how specific compounds in coffee interact with genetic and metabolic markers of ageing to understand these personalised effects better.

In conclusion, this study adds a compelling new layer to the growing body of evidence that supports moderate coffee consumption as part of a healthy lifestyle. While the benefits of coffee should not be overstated or viewed as a substitute for more foundational health behaviours—such as physical activity, nutritious eating, and not smoking—the findings do suggest that enjoying a few cups of coffee a day in midlife could offer small but measurable advantages in the pursuit of healthy longevity. Many women’s daily brew may quietly contribute to a more vibrant and independent older age.

More information: Sara Mahdavi et al, CYP1A2 Genetic Variation, Coffee Intake, and Kidney Dysfunction, Nephrology. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47868

Journal information: Nephrology Provided by JAMA Network Open

Stroke survivors may benefit from talking therapy interventions

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Stroke survivors experiencing depression or anxiety are more likely to recover from their psychological symptoms if they engage in talking therapy, according to a new large-scale study conducted by researchers at University College London (UCL).

This landmark study, published in Nature Mental Health, is the first of its kind to investigate outcomes for stroke survivors who accessed NHS Talking Therapies for Anxiety and Depression. Researchers analysed data from all 1.9 million adults who attended the service in England between 2012 and 2019, including 7,597 individuals who had previously experienced a stroke.

Mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety are common after stroke, with over one in three survivors affected. Without appropriate intervention, these symptoms can hinder recovery, both cognitively and physically, and have been linked to increased mortality—previous studies suggest that stroke survivors with depression face a 20–50% greater risk of death in the years following their stroke compared to those without.

However, the UCL study found that the NHS Talking Therapies service—offering free cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), counselling, and guided self-help—is an effective option for stroke survivors. Among those who completed treatment, 71% showed reliable improvement, meaning their change in symptoms was substantial enough to be unlikely due to chance. Moreover, nearly half (49%) achieved full, reliable recovery from their depression and anxiety symptoms. These figures closely match the UK Government’s recovery target of 50% for the general population, despite the broader understanding that individuals with long-term physical conditions tend to have poorer outcomes in psychological services.

The therapies were delivered in varied formats, including one-on-one sessions, group work, and online options. Depression was assessed using the PHQ-9 questionnaire, which tracks mood-related symptoms such as loss of interest, sleep difficulties, and persistent sadness. Anxiety was measured using the GAD-7 tool, focusing on feelings of worry, restlessness, and tension.

Overall, the findings revealed moderate reductions in depression and functional impairment for stroke survivors—functional issues being defined as challenges in work, home management, social relationships, and leisure activities. Anxiety levels, however, saw an even greater degree of improvement. The timing of therapy emerged as a critical factor: those who began treatment within six months of their stroke were significantly more likely to achieve reliable recovery compared to those who started therapy a year or more after the event. These outcomes held even when adjusted for age, gender, area-based socioeconomic deprivation, and baseline symptom severity.

Lead researcher Dr Jae Won Suh of UCL Psychology & Language Sciences commented: “Our findings strongly reinforce previous small-scale studies indicating that talking therapies are effective in addressing post-stroke depression and anxiety. Furthermore, we found that early intervention makes a notable difference. It is vital that GPs and other healthcare professionals actively screen stroke survivors for mental health symptoms and facilitate prompt referrals to psychological services.”

While the results are promising, the study also highlighted specific disparities. Compared to the general population, stroke survivors undergoing talking therapy were overall less likely to achieve reliable recovery and somewhat more likely to experience symptom deterioration. Yet, once the analysis controlled for other co-existing physical health problems—more prevalent among stroke survivors—these differences largely disappeared.

Co-author Professor Joshua Stott added that this finding points to a need for adaptation within the mental health care system. “Our results suggest that clinicians providing psychological therapies should receive enhanced training to meet the complex needs of individuals with long-term physical conditions,” he explained. “This includes addressing cognitive impairments, sensory deficits, and overlapping medical challenges. By investing in such specialised training, we can significantly improve mental and physical health outcomes for thousands of patients.”

This study underscores the importance of integrating mental health care into the broader rehabilitation pathway for stroke survivors, and it calls attention to the potential for talking therapies to play a central role in recovery. The research offers a strong case for early intervention and for equipping mental health professionals with the tools and training needed to effectively treat those managing both psychological distress and the long-term effects of a significant physical health event.

More information: Jae Won Suh et al, A record-linkage study of post-stroke primary care psychological therapy effectiveness in England, Nature Mental Health. DOI: 10.1038/s44220-025-00429-z

Journal information: Nature Mental Health Provided by University College London

Increased Parkinson’s Risk Observed in Individuals with Autism

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A large-scale Swedish study has found that individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may face a significantly heightened risk of developing Parkinson’s disease earlier in life. Conducted by researchers at the Karolinska Institutet and published in JAMA Neurology, the study analysed registry data from over two million people born in Sweden between 1974 and 1999. Participants were followed from the age of 20 until the end of 2022, enabling the researchers to assess long-term health outcomes, including the potential emergence of early-onset Parkinson’s disease—a neurodegenerative condition known primarily for its impact on movement and motor control.

The investigation sought to explore a possible link between autism and early-onset Parkinson’s, which occurs before the age of 50. Autism, a neurodevelopmental condition affecting communication, social interaction, and behaviour, has not traditionally been associated with Parkinson’s, a disease involving the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. However, this new research found that people with autism were approximately four times more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease than those without an autism diagnosis. Importantly, this increased risk persisted even after adjusting for a range of potential confounding factors, including socioeconomic status, family history of mental illness or Parkinson’s, and other health variables.

Dr Weiyao Yin, the study’s lead author and a researcher at Karolinska’s Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, suggested that shared biological mechanisms might underlie both conditions. One leading hypothesis is the involvement of the brain’s dopamine system—a neurotransmitter pathway crucial for both motion control and social behaviour. Since the loss of dopamine-producing neurons characterises Parkinson’s, and prior research has hinted at dopamine dysregulation in autism, the authors propose that the two disorders may be linked through this shared neural substrate. However, Dr Yin cautioned that while the findings are compelling, more research is necessary to clarify the precise mechanisms involved.

The study also took into account the high prevalence of psychiatric conditions such as depression in individuals with autism, many of whom are prescribed antidepressants or antipsychotics. Some of these medications are known to cause Parkinsonian symptoms, potentially confounding the association between autism and Parkinson’s disease. When the researchers adjusted for the use of these drugs, the strength of the association weakened somewhat, but individuals with autism still had double the risk of developing Parkinson’s. This suggests that while psychiatric medication use may contribute to the observed risk, it is unlikely to explain it thoroughly, and underlying biological pathways may still be at play.

Despite the statistically significant findings, the researchers note that early-onset Parkinson’s disease remains rare in the general population and even among people with autism. Moreover, the study cohort had a mean age of just 34 at the end of the follow-up period, meaning that many participants had not yet reached the age at which Parkinson’s is typically diagnosed. As such, the long-term risk trajectory for this population remains uncertain. Future studies will be essential to determine whether the elevated risk continues into older adulthood, where Parkinson’s becomes more prevalent.

The study concludes with a call for greater awareness and continued monitoring of individuals with autism as they age. Dr Sven Sandin, the study’s senior author and a statistician at Karolinska Institutet, emphasised the need for long-term healthcare planning. “This is a vulnerable group,” he said, “with high co-morbidity and significant use of psychotropic medications. Clinicians should be aware of these risks and ensure regular follow-up.” While the research does not suggest imminent concern for most individuals with ASD, it opens an essential line of inquiry into how neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders might intersect throughout a lifetime.

More information: Weiyao Yin et al, Risk of Parkinson Disease in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder, JAMA Neurology. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.1284

Journal information: JAMA Neurology Provided by Karolinska Institutet

Money Management in Older Adults Falters with Onset of Dementia

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Older adults tend to have a keen awareness of their financial capabilities, which, intriguingly, often improves with age—provided their cognitive health remains intact. New research from Binghamton University, State University of New York, has found that financial self-knowledge tends to become sharper over time, particularly as older individuals accumulate real-life experience managing pensions, insurance, medical costs and other age-related financial responsibilities. However, this trend does not hold for those diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, who often lose insight into their decision-making abilities.

The study, led by psychologist Ian McDonough, analysed data from a long-term study involving 2,800 older adults tracked over ten years. Participants were asked to rate how well they believed they could carry out various financial tasks—such as balancing a chequebook, making change, or paying bills—before being tested on these abilities through multiple scenarios. Participants were given a pamphlet advertising gym memberships in one task and asked to calculate the total cost over a decade. The contrast between participants’ self-assessments and their actual performance revealed how well people judge their financial competence.

Results showed that many older adults, especially those in their 60s and 70s who retained good cognitive function, could accurately predict their financial performance. Knowing how well one performs, this metacognitive ability improves with age. “It does seem people get better with time,” McDonough noted. “By the time you get to your 70s, as long as you maintain your cognition decently well, you can predict your financial ability slightly better.” This suggests that life experience is valuable in sharpening one’s financial judgement, particularly after retirement when individuals frequently engage with complex systems like Social Security and healthcare benefits.

However, this growing self-awareness can erode rapidly in those with dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. The study found that individuals with such diagnoses often demonstrate a disconnection between perceived and actual financial ability. They may believe themselves still competent despite clear evidence to the contrary, or they may underestimate their capacity in ways that hinder independence. This disconnect is linked to anosognosia—a condition in which a person is unaware of their cognitive deficits. While anosognosia has been studied regarding memory, this research is among the first to explore its effects on financial self-assessment.

Such findings raise serious concerns about financial vulnerability in individuals with cognitive decline. McDonough emphasises the importance of implementing safeguards early—before awareness diminishes. By involving trusted family members and setting up systems to monitor or co-manage accounts, older adults can maintain independence while protecting against fraud, late payments, or risky decisions. “Because of the personal importance of one’s autonomy in managing finances, working with an older adult with cognitive decline rather than taking away this autonomy is an important but tricky balance to strike,” he explained.

Looking forward, McDonough and his colleagues plan to examine the neural mechanisms underlying financial decision-making by observing brain activity during mathematical tasks. They also explore how digital banking literacy influences financial management in older populations. As the banking landscape becomes increasingly digital, understanding how seniors engage with online systems will be crucial for developing effective interventions. This research sheds light on older adults’ strengths and vulnerabilities. It offers a compelling case for proactive planning and education to preserve financial well-being in the face of cognitive decline.

More information: Ian McDonough et al, Relationship Between Perceived and Objective Financial Abilities Among Older Adults: Results From the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Cohort, The Gerontologist. DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaf125

Journal information: The Gerontologist Provided by Binghamton University

Enhancing Health in Later Years: The Importance of Carbohydrate Quality for Optimal Ageing

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In collaboration with the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, a recent study conducted by researchers at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA) at Tufts University has shed new light on the long-term benefits of consuming high-quality carbohydrates during midlife. Published on 16 May in JAMA Network Open, the research highlights the pivotal role of dietary fibre and unrefined carbohydrates in promoting healthy ageing and positive health outcomes in later life, particularly among older women. The findings add a significant layer to our understanding of how midlife nutrition shapes immediate health and long-term well-being as we grow older.

According to Andres Ardisson Korat, a scientist at the HNRCA and lead author of the study, while we have long known that different carbohydrates have varying effects on health, this research moves beyond short-term considerations. “We have all heard that different types of carbohydrates can influence health in multiple ways, whether it is weight control, energy levels, or blood sugar regulation,” he explained. “However, instead of focusing merely on these immediate outcomes, we wanted to explore how carbohydrate quality might affect overall health some 30 years later.” This perspective shifts the conversation towards a more holistic view of dietary choices made in our middle years and their substantial implications for ageing well.

The research team drew upon data from the long-running Nurses’ Health Study, which involved periodic dietary questionnaires completed every four years from 1984 to 2016. This rich dataset allowed the researchers to assess the midlife dietary habits and eventual health outcomes of more than 47,000 women, who by 2016 were aged between 70 and 93 years. The data covered a comprehensive range of carbohydrate sources, including total carbohydrates, refined carbohydrates, high-quality (unrefined) carbohydrates, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, dietary fibre, and dietary glycaemic index and load. The researchers defined healthy ageing in a multifaceted way: the absence of eleven major chronic diseases, no cognitive or physical functional decline, and good mental health, all self-reported by the study’s participants.

What emerged from this analysis was compelling. The study found that higher intakes of total carbohydrates and, more specifically, high-quality carbohydrates derived from whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes, as well as greater consumption of dietary fibre, were linked to a 6 to 37% increased likelihood of healthy ageing. Notably, these nutritional habits were also associated with better physical and mental health outcomes, extending beyond the traditional focus on disease risk reduction. In contrast, consuming refined carbohydrates from added sugars, refined grains, and starchy vegetables, including potatoes, was associated with a 13% decrease in the odds of experiencing healthy ageing. This underscores that not all carbohydrates are created equal and that dietary quality can be as important as quantity.

Qi Sun, senior author of the study and associate professor in the departments of nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard Chan School, emphasised that these findings support existing evidence linking plant-based, high-fibre diets to lower risks of chronic diseases. However, the new research adds further nuance by linking these dietary patterns to enhanced physical and cognitive function in later life. “Our results are consistent with previous studies that highlight the importance of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes in reducing chronic disease risks. What is new here is the association with physical and cognitive health, which is a critical part of what makes for healthy ageing,” Sun noted.

Nevertheless, the authors acknowledged certain limitations. Because the study cohort was composed mainly of white health professionals, there is a need to replicate these findings across more diverse populations to ensure the results are broadly applicable. Ardisson Korat also noted the need for further research to uncover the underlying biological mechanisms through which dietary fibre and high-quality carbohydrates contribute to these positive ageing outcomes. He concluded, “There is growing evidence that our food choices in midlife can shape the quality of life we experience in later years. The better we understand the science of healthy ageing, the more effectively we can guide people to make choices that support living healthier and more fulfilling lives as they age.” This research adds to a growing body of work highlighting that diet in midlife is not just about staving off disease but about laying a foundation for a robust, vibrant old age.

More information: Andres Ardisson Korat et al, Dietary Carbohydrate Intake, Carbohydrate Quality, and Healthy Aging in Women, JAMA Network Open. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.11056

Journal information: JAMA Network Open Provided by Tufts University

Daytime Sleep Patterns and Mortality Risk Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults

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A newly presented study at the SLEEP 2025 annual meeting has shed light on the intriguing link between daytime napping behaviours and mortality risk in middle-aged to older adults. The research, which relied on objective measurements of sleep patterns, found that certain daytime napping habits, specifically longer nap durations, higher day-to-day variability in nap lengths, and an increased frequency of naps around midday and the early afternoon, were significantly associated with a greater risk of death. These findings challenge some of the long-held assumptions about the potential benefits of napping in older populations, suggesting that the timing, duration, and consistency of naps could be more consequential than previously thought.

The data gathered for this investigation revealed that the median nap duration among participants was approximately 0.40 hours each day. Nap timing varied considerably across the day, with the highest percentage of naps, 34%, occurring between 9 a.m. and 11 a.m. In contrast, only 10% of naps were taken between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. The frequency increased later in the day, with 14% of naps between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m., 19% between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m., and 22% between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. Such distribution suggests a noteworthy trend of increased napping as the day progresses, raising questions about how these patterns might interact with the body’s natural circadian rhythms and overall sleep-wake cycles.

Dr. Chenlu Gao, the study’s lead author and a postdoctoral research fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, expressed her team’s surprise at the prevalence and inconsistency of napping among middle-to-older adults. She remarked, “In evaluating the sleep study results, we were surprised by how common napping was among middle-to-older aged adults, how much their daytime sleep patterns varied across days, and when during the day they are sleeping.” Her observations suggest that not all naps are created equal: longer naps, irregular nap schedules, and naps timed around midday may be more problematic than short, early-afternoon power naps, at least regarding longevity.

This stands in contrast to existing guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, which suggest that healthy adults can benefit from naps lasting 20 to 30 minutes, ideally in the early afternoon. These brief naps are thought to boost alertness and cognitive performance without the drawbacks of grogginess, or “sleep inertia,” that often accompany longer naps. However, the study’s findings indicate that naps extending beyond this optimal duration—particularly when taken later in the day or with considerable day-to-day variability—might carry unintended health consequences. This discovery challenges the notion that any daytime nap is beneficial and highlights the importance of a more nuanced approach to sleep hygiene in older populations.

What is particularly compelling about these results is their diverging from what was previously believed about midday and early afternoon naps. Dr Gao acknowledged this apparent contradiction: “Interestingly, the data that shows risks associated with napping around midday and early afternoon contradicts what we currently know about napping, so further research on that link could be warranted.” This discrepancy suggests that underlying physiological or behavioural factors may be at play that are not yet fully understood. For instance, the desire to nap during these periods might reflect undiagnosed health issues that contribute to increased mortality risk, or subtle circadian effects may render these nap periods more harmful than beneficial.

The methodology of the study itself was robust, encompassing 86,565 participants from the UK Biobank who were not engaged in shift work. Participants had an average baseline age of 63, and 57% were women. The researchers employed actigraphy, a method that tracks movement to infer sleep over seven days, defining daytime naps as any sleep episode between 9 a.m. and 7 p.m. Mortality data were obtained from national registries, providing a comprehensive and reliable source for long-term outcomes. During a follow-up period of up to 11 years, 5,189 participants, or 6% of the cohort, died. Notably, the analysis accounted for a range of potential confounding variables, such as demographic details, body mass index, smoking and alcohol use, and the duration of night-time sleep, all of which could have influenced the observed associations.

Dr. Gao did, however, caution that the study’s reliance on actigraphy presented some limitations. Since actigraphy measures only movement rather than brain activity, periods of quiet wakefulness may have been mistaken for sleep, leading to potential misclassification of some naps. Moreover, defining daytime napping as any sleep occurring between 9 a.m. and 7 p.m. could have inadvertently included segments of some participants’ main sleep episodes, particularly those with unconventional sleep schedules. Despite these limitations, the results offer valuable insights into how the nuanced patterns of daytime napping could significantly predict long-term health outcomes.

Ultimately, these findings underscore the importance of integrating daytime sleep patterns into broader health assessments, particularly in middle-aged and older adults. Dr. Gao suggested that incorporating such data into clinical and public health practices might offer new avenues for early risk identification and targeted interventions to support longevity. In light of these discoveries, it is becoming increasingly clear that night-time and daytime sleep behaviours deserve closer scrutiny in efforts to promote healthy ageing and reduce the burden of chronic disease. As researchers continue to explore the intricate connections between sleep and mortality, this study provides a timely and compelling impetus to consider how even small details in our daily rest routines carry weighty implications for our future well-being.

More information: Chenlu Gao et al, Objectively-Assessed Napping Behaviors Predict Mortality in Middle-to-Older Aged Adults, SLEEP. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaf090.0350

Journal information: SLEEP Provided by American Academy of Sleep Medicine

Sustained Weight Loss in Midlife Tied to Enhanced Longevity and Healthier Living

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The University of Helsinki has recently published a groundbreaking study that sheds significant light on the long-term health implications of midlife weight loss. Conducted over an impressive follow-up period ranging from 12 to 35 years, the research tracked the health trajectories of 23,000 individuals from Finland and the United Kingdom who were initially between 30 and 50 years of age. The results were striking: overweight men and women who shed an average of 6.5% of their body weight during early middle age and maintained that weight loss saw marked improvements in overall health outcomes. This sustained weight loss translated to a notably lower risk of chronic illnesses, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and even cancer. What stands out is that these benefits went well beyond simply preventing diabetes, encompassing a broad spectrum of chronic diseases.

Professor Timo Strandberg, who led the study, highlighted that while the health benefits of weight management through lifestyle changes have long been promoted, many previous studies struggled to produce definitive evidence of improvements in health outcomes besides diabetes prevention. Strandberg expressed hope that the findings of this study will serve as a compelling incentive for individuals to embrace and persist with healthy lifestyle changes. He particularly underscored the relevance of these findings today, as modern society grapples with escalating rates of overweight and obesity, a trend that has grown significantly in the decades since the initial data for this research were first collected.

The study’s findings also bolster the widely held view that maintaining a lifelong body mass index (BMI) below 25 is ideal for optimal health. This target appears not only to reduce the risk of diabetes but also to protect against an array of chronic illnesses and ultimately lower the risk of death from any cause. Notably, the study focused on weight loss achieved through natural means—lifestyle changes rather than surgical or pharmacological interventions. This aspect underscores the power of diet and exercise in delivering lasting health benefits rather than relying on medical treatments.

To delve deeper, the study posed a crucial question: can sustained, non-surgical, non-pharmacological weight loss during midlife yield long-term health benefits beyond merely reducing diabetes risk? The answer, as provided by the data, is a resounding yes. Adults who reduced their BMI from overweight to a healthy range in midlife and managed to maintain that reduction faced a lower risk of not only diabetes but also a host of other chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Furthermore, these individuals experienced reduced all-cause mortality compared to their peers, who remained overweight throughout the study period.

The three cohorts at the heart of the study—the Whitehall II study, the Helsinki Businessmen Study, and the Finnish Public Sector study—each contributed repeated height and weight measurements that allowed researchers to categorise participants based on their weight change patterns. Four distinct groups emerged: those who maintained a BMI below 25 throughout, those who lost weight to achieve a BMI below 25, those who gained weight to become overweight, and those who stayed overweight. It was this nuanced categorisation, along with the extensive longitudinal data, that provided the robust evidence needed to draw these conclusions.

Data analyses conducted as recently as early 2025 utilised linked electronic health records from national health registries to assess both the onset of chronic diseases and mortality outcomes. This comprehensive data approach ensured that the findings reflected real-world impacts of sustained weight loss over decades, lending considerable weight to the study’s conclusions. It also reinforced the view that while weight loss can be challenging, particularly in middle age, the benefits are profound and well worth the effort.

Ultimately, this research carries an essential message for public health: that lifestyle-based weight management—through mindful eating, regular physical activity, and healthy habits—can deliver life-extending benefits, even beyond the well-documented reduction in diabetes risk. It also challenges the narrative that weight loss is only valuable for those with a diabetes diagnosis or immediate metabolic issues. Instead, the data show that sustained weight loss in midlife is vital to overall health and longevity, offering a pathway to a longer, healthier life.

More information: Timo Strandberg et al, Weight Loss in Midlife, Chronic Disease Incidence, and All-Cause Mortality During Extended Follow-Up, JAMA Network Open. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.11825

Journal information: JAMA Network Open Provided by University of Helsinki

Unintentional Weight Loss Recognised as Leading Indicator of Fall Risk Among Elderly in Taiwan

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A recent research paper appeared in the April 1, 2025 issue of Aging (Aging-US), Volume 17, Issue 4, entitled “Examining frailty phenotypes of community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan using the falls risk for older people in the community – Taiwan version (Tw-FROP-Com).” The investigation, spearheaded by first author Ya-Mei Tzeng and corresponding authors Yu-Tien Chang and Yaw-Wen Chang of the National Defense Medical Center, delved into the risk factors for falls among older adults in Taiwan. Their analysis revealed that unintentional weight loss emerged as the most significant individual predictor of fall risk among the various signs of frailty. This discovery underscores the critical role of early detection and the need for interventions tailored to address specific frailty features, ultimately aiming to reduce falls-related injuries in older populations.

Falls represent a significant source of injury-related mortality among seniors, particularly in low- and middle-income nations. In Taiwan, falls are second only to traffic accidents as the leading cause of accidental death in individuals aged 65 and above. The research team focused on five established frailty indicators—weakness, slowness, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintentional weight loss—using the Tw-FROP-Com, a locally adapted fall risk screening tool. Frailty, generally understood as a state of diminished strength, endurance, and physiological reserves, renders older adults more susceptible to both injuries and illnesses, which can have profound consequences on their overall quality of life.

The researchers examined data from 375 older adults participating in a fall prevention programme in Keelung City. Among this group, 18.7% were categorised as frail, and almost one-third had suffered at least one fall in the previous year. All five frailty indicators were associated with heightened fall risk; however, statistical modelling demonstrated that unintentional weight loss was the strongest predictor, even when accounting for factors such as age and previous history of falls. This is a significant insight, as it suggests that not all components of frailty are equally predictive of falls, thus paving the way for more nuanced risk assessments.

Crucially, the findings of this study challenge the prevailing tendency to treat frailty as a single, binary label—frail or not frail—when evaluating fall risk. Instead, the researchers argue that treating frailty as a constellation of five distinct yet interrelated components provides a more refined and accurate prediction. This approach moves beyond a simple yes-or-no categorisation to one that accounts for the complexity of ageing physiology. It also acknowledges that unintentional weight loss may reflect underlying issues such as malnutrition, sarcopenia (the progressive loss of muscle mass and function), or chronic health conditions, all of which can exacerbate vulnerability to falls.

The broader implication of these findings is the potential for accessible and practical screening within routine healthcare settings. The Tw-FROP-Com tool’s simplicity and adaptability do not rely on sophisticated equipment or arduous physical testing. Consequently, it offers a feasible and cost-effective method to identify older adults at risk of falling. Once identified, targeted interventions—such as enhanced nutritional support, structured physical activity programmes, and systematic weight monitoring—can address these risks before a fall occurs, averting potentially severe outcomes like fractures, hospitalisations, and loss of independence.

Public health initiatives and healthcare providers are thus urged to focus not only on the overall status of frailty but also on its specific markers, particularly unintentional weight loss. By doing so, they can move beyond a generalised approach to one that prioritises individualised care and prevention. As the global population ages at an unprecedented rate, insights like those offered by this study will be invaluable. They can inform the development of more precise and effective fall prevention strategies, thereby supporting older adults to maintain their health, autonomy, and dignity in the face of advancing age.

Ultimately, this research adds to the growing body of evidence that frailty is a multidimensional condition and its constituent elements have different implications for health outcomes. By recognising and responding to these nuances, healthcare systems can better serve the ageing population and foster an environment where older adults can thrive with a reduced risk of falls and associated injuries.

More information: Ya-Mei Tzeng et al, Examining frailty phenotypes of community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan using the falls risk for older people in the community – Taiwan version (Tw-FROP-Com), Aging-US. DOI: 10.18632/aging.206231

Journal information: Aging-US Provided by Impact Journals LLC

Botanical Remedies for the Mind: Traditional Indian Medicinal Plants for Memory Decline

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The mounting global population of elderly individuals has led to an alarming surge in chronic ailments, with neurocognitive disorders like Alzheimer’s disease being of particular concern. Projections suggest that by 2050, over 150 million people worldwide may be affected by such conditions, which are hallmarked by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and compromised judgment. Conventional pharmacological treatments do exist, yet issues of affordability, accessibility, and undesirable side effects often beset them. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in holistic and culturally grounded approaches. Among these, traditional herbal medicines have garnered significant attention, especially in South Asia, where their usage is deeply rooted in the cultural and medicinal heritage of the region. Increasingly, these remedies are gaining international recognition as viable complementary or alternative therapies.

A two-phase investigative approach was adopted to identify herbal medicines traditionally used for memory loss in South Asia. The first phase involved a comprehensive textual survey of regional medicinal plant compendiums, identifying thirteen herbs reputed for their memory-enhancing properties. Noteworthy examples include Acorus calamus, Celastrus paniculatus, Withania somnifera, and Zingiber officinale. The second phase was a systematic review of scientific literature, utilising resources such as PubMed and Google Scholar to validate these herbs’ cognitive benefits through experimental studies. This methodical approach lent credibility to the traditional claims, bridging the gap between historical knowledge and modern scientific understanding.

The mechanisms by which these plants exert their memory-boosting effects have been partially elucidated. Many demonstrated an ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), enzymes responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine, an essential neurotransmitter for memory processes. This mimics the action of current Alzheimer’s medications like donepezil and galantamine. Further, some herbs, such as Celastrus paniculatus and Zingiber officinale, appeared to modulate NMDA receptors, a mechanism akin to memantine, another clinically approved treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. The plants also showcased potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, potentially mitigating the neurodegenerative processes exacerbated by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Herbs such as Acorus calamus, Withania somnifera, and Salvia officinalis, notable for their multifaceted actions, offer promising prospects as holistic interventions.

Though preclinical evidence for these plants’ cognitive benefits is abundant, human clinical trials remain limited but encouraging. Panax ginseng, for example, has been studied in a 12-week clinical trial involving older adults, where participants using a standardised extract (ThinkGIN™) experienced notable improvements in memory and overall cognitive function, with minimal adverse effects. Salvia officinalis, commonly known as sage, has also been examined in multiple randomised, double-blind trials, consistently yielding improvements in attention, working memory, and cognitive performance. Withania somnifera, or ashwagandha, has been the subject of clinical studies reporting enhancements in executive function, sleep quality, psychological wellbeing, and memory without significant side effects. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of these traditional herbs and point to the need for more robust clinical evidence.

Despite these promising results, this review acknowledges certain limitations that must be addressed to fully harness traditional herbal medicine’s potential in managing memory disorders. The reliance on a narrow selection of regional texts may have inadvertently overlooked additional promising plants, and the absence of field surveys involving traditional healers or patients restricts the depth of ethnobotanical insight. Furthermore, the exclusive focus on South Asian flora leaves a gap in understanding memory-enhancing herbs from other cultures and regions. The authors, therefore, advocate for future research that includes broader ethnobotanical surveys, expanded geographical focus, and more detailed medicinal chemistry analyses. Such endeavours would not only deepen our understanding of these traditional remedies. Still, they could also lead to the discovery of new, affordable, and effective treatments for cognitive decline, fostering a more integrated and holistic approach to mental health.

More information: Fawad Alam-Siddiqui et al, Herbal Medicine for the Mind: Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants for Memory Loss from the Indian Subcontinent, Future Integrative Medicine. DOI: 10.14218/FIM.2024.00050

Journal information: Future Integrative Medicine Provided by Xia & He Publishing Inc.

Are late-night sleepers more susceptible to cognitive decline compared to early risers?

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As we age, the prevalence of dementia in the population steadily increases, raising concerns about how best to mitigate this looming health challenge. In the Netherlands, a significant effort to address this issue is underway through the BIRD-NL project—a vast, collaborative national study led by the University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG) in partnership with many other organisations. The project aims to identify strategies to prevent dementia by understanding the complex interplay of lifestyle and biological factors that shape cognitive health. Dr Wenzler, a leading researcher in this initiative, highlights the fundamental truth that our brains begin to experience mental decline after age 40. Her work focuses on how our daily behaviours and habits can either exacerbate or delay this decline, offering hope for those seeking to preserve their mental faculties into older age.

Central to Dr Wenzler’s research is “chronotype,” the natural biological rhythm that dictates whether a person is an early bird or a night owl. This inherent inclination, she notes, is primarily shaped by our genetics and influences not only our sleep patterns but also how our bodies and minds function throughout the day. By leveraging the rich dataset provided by the Lifelines project—a large-scale Dutch study tracking the health and habits of thousands of participants—Dr Wenzler has delved deeply into how chronotype might play a role in cognitive health. Although altering one’s basic biological clock is exceedingly difficult, she suggests that aligning one’s daily routines more closely with these innate tendencies may yield substantial benefits for cognitive resilience.

To explore these connections further, Dr Wenzler analysed cognitive function tests administered to Lifelines participants over a decade, carefully observing how people’s cognitive abilities evolved. These tests measured a range of mental processes, from memory to attention span, offering a detailed picture of cognitive change. By correlating these data with individuals’ self-reported sleep patterns, she could assess whether those who naturally prefer late nights were more vulnerable to cognitive decline than their early-rising counterparts. This nuanced, data-driven approach provided an unprecedented glimpse into how chronotype can shape the trajectory of our mental acuity as we grow older.

The findings of this research were striking. Dr Wenzler observed that evening types—those naturally inclined to stay up later—tended to experience faster cognitive decline over the ten years than morning types. She attributes this to a range of unhealthy behaviours that are more common in the evening hours, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and eating poorly. “In our study, we saw that evening people tend to smoke and drink more often and exercise less,” she explains. Importantly, as measured in this study, about 25% of the risk of cognitive decline was directly linked to these detrimental behaviours, reinforcing the idea that our social habits can significantly influence how our brains age.

Interestingly, the research uncovered that the difference in cognitive decline was most prominent among people with higher educational attainment. Dr Wenzler believes this may reflect the rigid demands of early work start times often found in high-skilled professions, which can clash with the natural rhythms of night owls. For these individuals, the ongoing pressure to rise early, despite their biological inclination to later nights, can lead to chronic sleep deprivation. This misalignment not only diminishes the brain’s capacity to recover and refresh but may also encourage unhealthy habits as a coping mechanism, ultimately accelerating cognitive decline.

Dr Wenzler, who identifies herself as more of an early bird, explains that genetic factors largely determine chronotype. Most people are morning-oriented in childhood, but during adolescence, a shift towards later sleep patterns emerges—a change driven by developmental biology and hormonal changes. For the majority, this evening orientation gradually returns to a more morning-focused rhythm by the time they reach their forties. Nevertheless, not everyone conforms to this pattern; some individuals remain night owls throughout their lives. These night owls, she suggests, stand somewhat apart from the typical biological rhythm, presenting unique challenges in harmonising their sleep patterns with societal expectations.

Since chronotype is mainly inborn and resistant to deliberate change, Dr Wenzler argues that working with one’s biological tendencies rather than against them is more pragmatic. She advises that night owls should not force themselves to go to bed earlier if their bodies do not produce sufficient melatonin, which induces sleep. Instead, she recommends adjusting work schedules and daily routines where possible to accommodate these natural rhythms, thereby reducing strain and promoting better health outcomes. She points out that individuals with lower or middle levels of education might be better able to adapt their schedules due to the nature of their jobs, such as working in hospitality or other shift-based sectors. By contrast, office workers and professionals often have less flexibility, and the misalignment can have significant consequences for these individuals. Looking ahead, Dr Wenzler’s ongoing research seeks to determine whether the faster cognitive decline seen in night owls during midlife translates into an increased risk of dementia in later years. She hopes these findings will inform better strategies and practical advice to help people of all chronotypes live healthier, cognitively richer lives as they age.

More information: A.N. Wenzler et al, Chronotype as a potential risk factor for cognitive decline: The mediating role of sleep quality and health behaviours in a 10-year follow-up study, The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease. DOI: 10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100168

Journal information: The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease Provided by Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen