Monthly Archives: October 2024

Community-Led Research Reveals New Insights into Dementia Risk Factors and Cognitive Health

According to recent research from Trinity College Dublin, how a person evaluates their memory may be more closely associated with dementia risk factors than their results on standard cognitive tests. Conducted by the neuroscientists at Trinity’s School of Psychology, the study collected data from 3,327 individuals using a smartphone application. It aimed to examine the connection between well-known dementia risk factors, such as hypertension and loneliness, and their impact on cognitive abilities.

For the first time, the research highlighted that individuals’ subjective perceptions of their memory issues were more closely related to modifiable risk factors for dementia than their scores on objective, standardised tests designed to measure cognitive impairments. This finding enhances our comprehension of the early changes in brain health occurring in otherwise healthy adults and underscores the significance of subjective cognitive assessments in this group.

Traditionally, cognitive abilities are evaluated through standardised tests, but this study also incorporated assessments based purely on participants’ self-reported memory issues. Published in the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Association, the study utilises data from volunteers who engaged with a set of gamified cognitive tests and questionnaires via the smartphone app Neureka. Developed by Trinity’s neuroscientists, this free app aims to deepen our understanding of mental disorders by analysing extensive data from its 26,000 users.

The study’s lead, Anna M Rosická, a PhD candidate at the School of Psychology at Trinity, explained that the connection between dementia and various aspects of our lifestyle, health, and environment is extensively researched to identify modifiable factors to prevent or delay the onset of dementia. The findings suggest that subjective memory impairments are more significantly connected to various risk factors, including depression, low socio-economic status, hearing impairments, loneliness, and smoking history. This indicates a potentially higher value of subjective cognitive assessments in otherwise healthy adults, as individuals might recognise early cognitive impairments before they can be detected through objective measures.

One limitation of the study is that the data was gathered simultaneously rather than assessing changes over a more extended period. Consequently, the researchers recommend a longitudinal analysis to rule out other potential explanations for their findings.

Despite this limitation, the study demonstrates the significant potential of remote, self-administered smartphone assessments in identifying the earliest stages of cognitive decline and factors associated with dementia risk. This approach is particularly advantageous in regions where access to conventional in-person assessments is restricted, such as low—and middle-income countries, as noted by Associate Professor Claire Gillan, who supervised the research. This method broadens the scope of cognitive health assessments and offers a valuable tool in the global fight against dementia.

More information: Anna Marie Rosická et al, Modifiable dementia risk factors associated with objective and subjective cognition, Alzheimer’s & Dementia. DOI: 10.1002/alz.13885

Journal information: Alzheimer’s & Dementia Provided by Trinity College Dublin

Exploring the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Ageing

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Ageing is an inevitable, intricate process that affects all living organisms, marked by various genetic hallmarks such as telomere shortening, genomic instability, and epigenetic alterations. Physical, biochemical, and metabolic transformations occur within the human body as time progresses. Among the myriad factors influencing ageing, the gut microbiome (GM)—a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms in our gastrointestinal tract—plays a crucial yet often overlooked role. This review delves into the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and ageing, underscoring the microbiota-dependent mechanisms that govern ageing processes, and evaluates various interventions to foster healthy ageing by modulating the microbiome.

The dynamics of the gut microbiome are ever-changing from the moment of birth through to old age. The nature of one’s birth, whether through cesarean section or natural delivery, along with early dietary habits such as breastfeeding or formula feeding, plays a significant role in shaping the initial microbial landscape. In infancy, the microbiome showcases less diversity, with distinct differences observed between breastfed babies, who tend to have a microbiome dominated by Bifidobacterium, and those formula-fed, typically showing higher levels of Bacteroides. A well-established “core microbiome” emerges as individuals reach adulthood, pivotal in immune and metabolic regulation. The onset of puberty introduces further changes, particularly sex-related variations influenced primarily by hormonal shifts. For older adults, a notable decline in microbial diversity occurs, with an increase in microbes associated with frailty, such as Christensenellaceae, and a decrease in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers, which are vital for combating age-related conditions like sarcopenia and osteoporosis.

The interplay between the gut microbiome and ageing-related disorders is profound. Age-associated alterations in the gut microbiome are closely linked with various neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Dysbiosis, a term for microbial imbalance, has been implicated in ‘inflammageing’—a persistent, low-grade inflammation that accelerates the ageing process and is associated with numerous conditions such as AD, PD, cardiovascular diseases, and Type 2 diabetes. A reduction in beneficial SCFA-producing bacteria and an increase in gut permeability exacerbate inflammatory responses, hastening the progression of these diseases.

Furthermore, the gut microbiome shapes the immune system throughout an individual’s life. Immunosenescence, the gradual deterioration of the immune system associated with age, is intricately linked to changes in the gut microbiome. A decrease in microbial diversity impairs the immune system’s capability to combat infections, posing a significant challenge in elderly populations. Research suggests that maintaining a balanced microbial environment could delay immunosenescence and bolster immune responses, thus diminishing susceptibility to infections and chronic age-related ailments.

The metabolic implications of the gut microbiome are equally significant. The microbiome influences the production of various metabolites, including SCFAs, polyamines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), affecting metabolic pathways and the ageing process. SCFAs, such as butyrate, are particularly beneficial; they help prevent age-related physiological decline by enhancing the integrity of the intestinal barrier, modulating immune responses, and preventing cellular senescence. However, dysbiosis can disrupt these beneficial processes, contributing to the onset of metabolic disorders like obesity and insulin resistance.

Promising interventions for promoting healthy ageing include microbiome modulation through dietary means, such as the intake of prebiotics and probiotics. Probiotic strains like Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have been associated with improved immune function and reduced inflammation in older adults. Moreover, maintaining physical activity and a balanced diet are pivotal for sustaining a diverse and stable microbiome, essential for longevity and well-being in an ageing population.

In conclusion, the gut microbiome occupies a central position in the biology of human ageing, influencing a wide array of physiological functions from metabolism to immune health. By strategically modifying the gut microbiome through lifestyle changes and targeted interventions, we can potentially decelerate the ageing process, mitigate the risk of age-related diseases, and enhance overall healthy ageing.

More information: Rashmi Ira et al, Understanding Aging through the Lense of Gut Microbiome, Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine. DOI: 10.14218/ERHM.2024.00008

Journal information: Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine Provided by Xia & He Publishing Inc.

Shattering the Cycle of Intergenerational Violence

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Recent research reveals the link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as physical or emotional abuse, and the increased likelihood of individuals perpetrating abuse against older generations. While it is commonly understood that generational trauma transmits from parents to their children, this study highlights that the impact can also reverberate upwards, affecting the parent’s generation. The survey conducted in Japan with a cohort of over 13,000 participants revealed that approximately half reported experiencing one or more ACEs. Among these individuals, 8.5% admitted to engaging in physical or verbal abuse towards people over the age of 65. Crucially, the study identified the perpetrator’s mental and physical health—both of which can be deteriorated by ACEs — as significant contributing factors. This more profound understanding of the roots of intergenerational violence is expected to guide researchers in developing targeted guidelines and support systems to interrupt this destructive cycle.

The proverb “spare the rod, spoil the child” suggests that without physical discipline, a child will become spoiled; however, contemporary studies consistently demonstrate the opposite. Subjecting children to physical punishment, emotional abuse, neglect, or dysfunction within the household has enduring detrimental effects on their mental and physical well-being. These adverse childhood experiences can initiate a self-sustaining cycle of abuse, with the children of those affected by ACEs more likely to endure similar mistreatment.

Although it is recognised that ACEs elevate the risk of violence being passed down through generations, a novel investigation led by researchers from the University of Tokyo reveals that this cycle of violence can also ascend the generational ladder. According to Chie Koga, the project assistant professor at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Tokyo and lead author of the study, individuals with a history of adverse childhood experiences are at a higher risk of perpetrating violence and verbal abuse against older adults. Psychological factors, Koga notes, are the most significant contributors to this behaviour.

The study involved an analysis of responses from 13,318 participants, comprising an almost equal split of men and women between the ages of 20 and 64 in Japan. It was found that participants with a higher number of ACEs were more prone to committing physical or verbal abuse against older adults. The specific ACEs considered included interpersonal loss (such as parental death or divorce), family psychopathy (encompassing parental mental illness and domestic violence), as well as physical and psychological abuse and neglect.

The findings revealed that 8.5% of respondents admitted to abusing older adults. While almost half reported no ACEs, about 36% had one, and approximately 14% had two or more. The likelihood of engaging in elder abuse was more than three times higher for those with one ACE and nearly eight times higher for those with two or more compared to individuals without any ACEs.

Koga hypothesises that certain forms of violence primarily stem from socio-environmental factors and that violence often serves as a last resort for individuals striving to protect their dignity. This perspective challenges the prevailing notion within Japanese society that holds individuals solely responsible for their violent actions, a belief that Koga argues is exacerbated by a significant deficit in research. This study thus represents an important step forward in violence epidemiology.

Other notable factors influencing the propensity for elder abuse among those with ACEs included depression, other mental health issues, and self-assessed health status. Though less significant, factors such as living arrangements, marital status, income, and social activity (measured by whether individuals went out at least once a month) also played a role.

Koga emphasises that the cycle of violence can extend to all vulnerable groups and identifies social and environmental risk factors newly associated with elder abuse. The study reaffirms the importance of preventing violence while noting that not all individuals with ACEs continue to perpetrate violence. Looking forward, Koga expresses a desire to explore factors that might mitigate this cycle of abuse, aiming to offer new avenues for intervention and support.

More information: Chie Koga et al, Intergenerational Chain of Violence, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Elder Abuse Perpetration, JAMA Network Open. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.36150

Journal information: JAMA Network Open Provided by University of Tokyo

Elderly Individuals Living Alone Often Experience Deficiencies in Essential Nutrients

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A new study conducted by researchers from University College London (UCL) reveals that older socially isolated adults in the UK are significantly more prone to experiencing deficiencies in essential micronutrients, including vitamin C and vitamin B6, which could elevate their risk of health complications. The research, detailed in the journal Age and Ageing, analysed data from 3,713 UK residents aged 50 and above who had provided comprehensive dietary information through a questionnaire on two distinct days.

The findings highlighted a concerning trend among the more socially isolated: they were generally consuming below the recommended levels of five critical micronutrients — magnesium, potassium, vitamin C, folate, and vitamin B6. These nutrients, typically found in fruits, vegetables, legumes (such as peas, beans, and lentils), and fish, suggest a dietary pattern lacking in these vital food groups.

Professor Andrew Steptoe, from UCL’s Behavioural Science & Health department and the study’s lead author, explained the significance of these findings by pointing out that individuals who are more socially isolated are at a higher risk of not obtaining sufficient micronutrients in their diet. This nutritional deficiency is particularly critical as it increases susceptibility to health issues as people age. He proposed that social isolation might limit access to varied dietary choices since isolated individuals may not receive as much information about healthy eating or encouragement to diversify their diet, often sticking to familiar but limited nutritional patterns.

Dr Camille Lassale, co-author and researcher at ISGlobal in Barcelona, emphasised the importance of a varied diet that includes ample plant-based foods and fish to maintain physical and mental health. Dr Lassale also called for enhanced accessibility to these nutritious foods and advocated for promoting their consumption, especially among older adults living alone or isolated.

Utilising data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), which collects a broad range of information from a representative sample of the English population every two years, the study assessed participants’ levels of social isolation. This was determined based on factors such as living alone, frequency of contact with friends and relatives outside the household, and participation in clubs or organisations.

The research demonstrated a direct correlation between the degree of social isolation and the likelihood of insufficient intake of five out of nine essential micronutrients two years later. This intake estimation was derived from the dietary information provided in the questionnaire. Despite adjusting for various influencing factors like age, gender, education, marital status, food insecurity, and impaired daily living, the correlation persisted.

Remarkably, a substantial portion of the study’s participants were found to have nutrient intakes below recommended levels. For instance, half of the respondents were deficient in potassium, a third lacked sufficient magnesium, a quarter were not consuming enough calcium, and a sixth had inadequate iron intake. The roles of these nutrients are vital, with magnesium and potassium supporting bone health and deficiencies in folate and vitamin B6 being linked to increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and cognitive decline. Vitamin C, known for its multiple health benefits, is crucial for maintaining healthy bones, cells, and skin.

Interestingly, the study also noted that while social isolation was associated with poor micronutrient intake, loneliness (the emotional state of feeling alone) did not have the same impact. This suggests that the adverse effects on dietary habits may be more closely related to the practical aspects of isolation, such as limited social interactions that could offer information about maintaining a varied and healthy diet rather than the emotional experience of loneliness. Notably, the researchers found no significant link between social isolation and the likelihood of inadequate calcium, iron, and vitamin B12 intake primarily sourced from meat, eggs, and dairy. This finding underscores the complex relationship between social habits, dietary practices, and nutritional health among older adults.

More information: Andrew Steptoe et al, Social isolation, loneliness, and low dietary micronutrient intake among older people in England, Age and Ageing. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae223

Journal information: Age and Ageing Provided by University College London

Many Sleep Suggestions on TikTok Are Backed by Scientific Research

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A study has established that most sleep advice circulating on TikTok is grounded in scientific facts. The investigation revealed that out of 35 distinct sleep recommendations featured in popular videos, 29 received empirical backing. Merely six of the sleep suggestions lacked scientific corroboration.

“These findings indicate that entities involved in sleep research and sleep medicine have effectively disseminated proper sleep hygiene tips,” commented Brian T. Gillis, the study’s principal investigator. Gillis, who has been exploring sleep for eight years, is an assistant professor of marriage and family therapy at the College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, in Auburn, Alabama. “It demonstrates that the public is absorbing the information we wish to impart about sleep in an environment—social media—where many are at ease learning about health matters.”

During a meticulous two-day study, researchers transcribed the highest-viewed TikTok videos utilising the hashtags #sleephacks, #sleephygiene, or #sleeptips. They then analysed these to identify all mentioned sleep tips, accumulating 295 sleep recommendations (including duplicates) across 58 videos. These tips were then grouped into seven categories, and their validity was assessed against the outcomes from randomised control trials, non-randomised control trials, and correlational studies published in peer-reviewed journals. The evidence found supporting these sleep tips included benefits such as reduced time to fall asleep, extended duration of sleep, increased periods of deep or REM sleep, heightened satisfaction with sleep, and diminished daytime tiredness.

Gillis emphasised that numerous adults perceive social media as a credible source of health information yet often fail to confirm the veracity of this information with healthcare professionals.

“In light of this reliance on health advice disseminated through social media, it’s crucial for content creators to offer medically accurate guidance,” Gillis remarked. “Although health advice on TikTok is unregulated, our findings suggest that the domain of sleep recommendations is one where content creators are largely accurate.”

Adequate sleep is essential for maintaining overall health and well-being. If you’re experiencing sleep difficulties, it’s advisable to consult a medical professional before experimenting with tips from social media. Your doctor might direct you to a sleep team at a sleep centre accredited by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

More information: Brian Gillis et al, TikTok Made Me Do It: An Analysis of the Scientific Evidence Supporting TikTok’s Recommendations for Better Sleep, SLEEP. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae067.01093

Journal information: SLEEP Provided by American Academy of Sleep Medicine

Important Notice for Older Adults: Quitting Smoking is Always an Option

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Elsevier’s new study published in the *American Journal of Preventive Medicine* reveals that even quitting smoking at 75 can significantly extend one’s life expectancy. The study, spearheaded by Thuy T.T. Le, PhD, along with David Mendez, PhD, and Kenneth E. Warner, PhD, from the University of Michigan’s Department of Health Management and Policy, assesses the impact of smoking on life expectancy across different age brackets ranging from 35 to 75. While it is acknowledged that the advantages of smoking cessation decrease with age, the research highlights that notable benefits persist for older adults.

Thuy T.T. Le and her colleagues highlight a stark contrast in smoking trends between young adults and their older counterparts. Over the last decade, smoking rates among young adults have plummeted, yet they have plateaued among older adults. This study addresses a gap in existing research by quantifying the benefits of smoking cessation for seniors, aiming to encourage those who smoke to consider quitting, regardless of their age.

Smoking is known to introduce thousands of harmful chemicals into the body, affecting nearly every organ and increasing the risk of numerous diseases, including various cancers, stroke, heart disease, and lung diseases. It remains the leading cause of premature, preventable death in the United States, with around 480,000 deaths attributed to smoking each year. Prior research uniformly indicates that quitting smoking at any age can result in health benefits.

This pioneering study quantifies explicitly the benefits of smoking cessation for individuals over the age of 65. Using relative risks related to all-cause mortality due to smoking, the researchers developed life tables to showcase the benefits of stopping smoking at various ages. Their findings reveal that current smokers, who have smoked continuously into adulthood, lose a significant amount of life years compared to non-smokers. For instance, smokers aged 35, 45, 55, 65, and 75 lose an average of 9.1, 8.3, 7.3, 5.9, and 4.4 years of life, respectively, if they continue smoking. However, quitting at these ages can prevent an average loss of 8.0, 5.6, 3.4, 1.7, and 0.7 years, respectively. Notably, those who cease smoking at 65 have a 23.4% chance of gaining at least one year of life, and this chance decreases to 14.2% at the age of 75.

The study conclusively supports the notion that quitting smoking is the most effective measure to enhance longevity. It found that nearly 10% of individuals who quit smoking at age 65 can gain up to 8 additional years of life compared to those who continue smoking. Similarly, those who quit by age 75 can gain up to 4 additional years, representing a significant percentage of their remaining life expectancy. For a 75-year-old who smokes, the average life expectancy is 9 years; if they quit, they regain, on average, 0.7 years, and about 8% of quitters regain at least 4 years.

Dr. Warner concludes that the benefits of smoking cessation are substantial even for older adults, enhancing a significant portion of their remaining life expectancy. This evidence is vital for healthcare providers seeking empirical support to encourage their older patients to stop smoking. This research underlines that it is never too late to quit smoking and reap substantial health benefits, thereby potentially extending one’s life significantly.

More information: Thuy T.T. Le et al, The Benefits of Quitting Smoking at Different Ages, American Journal of Preventive Medicine. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2024.06.020

Journal information: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Provided by Elsevier

Research Highlights the Essential Role of Hearing and Vision Health in Dementia Care Management

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A recent groundbreaking study spearheaded by Trinity College Dublin and the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), spanning five European nations, stands as the most extensive randomised controlled trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a combined hearing and vision rehabilitation intervention for individuals with dementia at home. The results, pivotal in the field, were published in The Lancet’s Healthy Longevity journal on October 14, 2024.

The SENSE-Cog trial underscores the imperative need to bolster hearing and vision health support amongst those with dementia, illustrating a notable short-term enhancement in quality of life following hearing and vision interventions. This extensive study encompassed a diverse cohort from Cyprus, France, Greece, Ireland, and the UK, assessing the clinical impact of a customised Sensory Support Intervention (SSI) tailored to improve the quality of life (QoL) among people with mild-to-moderate dementia who also suffer from concurrent sensory impairments.

Significant improvements in quality of life were observed in the short term due to the intervention; however, these differences did not maintain over the longer term, indicating a need for further research in this area. The study also shed light on the high prevalence of sensory difficulties in the dementia-affected population, with up to 70% experiencing these issues. If left unattended, these issues can exacerbate cognitive decline and diminish overall well-being.

The study emerges at a crucial time as Europe gears up to introduce new amyloid-targeting treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. These findings accentuate the continuing importance of exploring non-pharmacological interventions, especially for those with advanced dementia or non-Alzheimer’s forms of the disease who may not benefit from the upcoming drug treatments.

Professor Iracema Leroi, the study’s lead investigator from the Global Brain Health Institute and School of Medicine at Trinity College Dublin, highlighted the trial’s encouraging outcomes. She pointed out that cost-effective, simple interventions such as hearing aids and glasses could significantly enhance the quality of life for people with dementia. This reinforces the argument for sustained support and further research into non-drug interventions as critical components in dementia care.

The emphasis on quality of life and living well with dementia is essential, particularly in the context of emerging disease-modifying therapies. While the global focus may be shifting towards prevention and slowing disease progression, it is vital not to overlook the needs of the 55 million individuals worldwide already living with established dementia.

Professor Brian Lawlor, the Conolly Norman Professor of Old Age Psychiatry and Site Director of the Global Brain Health Institute at Trinity College Dublin, also commented on the study. He noted the significant unmet needs related to hearing and vision in people with dementia. This was the first large-scale study that assessed whether an intervention focused on these sensory areas could enhance the quality of life for dementia patients. Even amidst the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, this study demonstrated the feasibility of developing and implementing such interventions, with early results showing promising improvements in quality of life, further emphasising the need for continued research in this critical area.

This landmark trial represents the first fully powered randomised controlled trial explicitly targeting hearing and vision rehabilitation for people with mild to moderate dementia. It provides robust evidence supporting such interventions in improving dementia-related quality of life in the short term. However, the research team advocates for more extensive studies to fully understand the impacts on cognitive function, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the roles of family care partners.

The findings from this study pave the way for ongoing efforts to develop and refine non-pharmacological strategies, ensuring a comprehensive approach to the care of individuals with dementia and addressing their complex needs holistically.

More information: Iracema Leroi et al, Hearing and vision rehabilitation for people with dementia in five European countries (SENSE-Cog): a randomised controlled trial, The Lancet’s Healthy Longevity. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanhl.2024.07.008

Journal information: The Lancet’s Healthy Longevity Provided by Trinity College Dublin

Resilience in the Face of Challenge: The Recovery of Older Adults from the COVID-19 Pandemic

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During a pandemic, the focus often shifts towards immediate challenges such as disease management, safety assurance, and disruption of daily routines. Despite the difficulties posed by adversity, it can occasionally catalyse positive outcomes.

Research concerning the impact of COVID-19 and associated regulatory measures on older adults in retirement communities, mainly, has been sparse. Furthermore, investigations into potential positive outcomes for this demographic have been similarly limited.

A novel study involving 98 older adults with a median age of 86 years residing in a South Florida continuing-care retirement community during the pandemic has shed light on how this group recovered from adversity and derived strength from their challenging experiences. This research, undertaken by the Florida Atlantic University’s Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, was guided by the “post-traumatic growth” theory framework and published in the Journal of Gerontological Nursing.

Post-traumatic growth theory, a psychological concept, describes the beneficial transformations individuals may experience when they grapple with severe life challenges. According to Lenny Chiang-Hanisko, PhD, the senior author and an associate professor at FAU’s College of Nursing, while traumatic events like pandemics can cause considerable distress and difficulties, they also present an opportunity for significant personal development in some individuals.

Despite the fear and stress induced by the pandemic, this study’s findings reveal significant personal growth for many participants. The disruption of regular activities, such as walking with friends or engaging in dinner conversations, led some to discover new hobbies like gardening and painting. In contrast, others found innovative ways to remain active through virtual yoga, online gaming, and dancing—the extended time spent at home allowed many to delve into their creative pursuits.

Chiang-Hanisko noted that post-traumatic growth could facilitate the discovery of new possibilities, the reassessment of life’s objectives, and the pursuit of new endeavours. This growth often manifests as stronger interpersonal relationships, enhanced resilience and self-confidence, deeper spiritual connections aligned with life’s purpose, and an increased appreciation of life, prompting a shift towards prioritising a fulfilling existence.

The study also highlighted that participants deepened their relationships with family and friends through video calls, maintaining connections despite physical distancing. Drawing on their life experiences, which included previous adversities like recessions and wars, they managed to navigate the challenges of the pandemic. This period also fostered spiritual and reflective growth, with many finding comfort in online religious services and appreciating a slower pace of life. The lack of physical interaction with loved ones underscored the importance of such relationships and led to a heightened appreciation for life’s simpler joys. A daily focus on gratitude helped them to concentrate on the positive aspects and manage the difficulties encountered.

Patricia Liehr, PhD, co-author and interim dean at FAU’s College of Nursing, highlighted that the study participants’ experiences demonstrated their inner strength and adaptability in the face of health challenges. She remarked that their age gave them the perspective necessary to understand that difficult times are generally temporary and that it is feasible to find joy and meaning even amidst hardship.

Despite facing barriers, participants adapted by incorporating technological skills into their daily routines, thus underscoring their openness to new methods of managing their lives. Following insights from the study, Chiang-Hanisko advocated for policy reforms to ensure that individuals of all ages have access to and training in user-friendly internet and digital services.

The study also exposed challenges like social isolation, managing pandemic-related restrictions, and emotional difficulties like loneliness. Restrictions in communal dining areas significantly curtailed social interactions and were a significant source of frustration. Despite these problems, the health of 86% of participants did not deteriorate, and they were all vaccinated. A majority supported the community’s pandemic precautions, though over half reported psychosocial challenges, including anxiety and depression.

The researchers formulated a survey with open-ended questions to delve deeper into the personal impacts of the pandemic, such as the most challenging effects experienced, strategies employed to manage these effects, and critical personal revelations during this period.

The pandemic has underscored the necessity for flexible, safe, and socially engaging living arrangements for older adults that meet their needs and contribute to their ongoing personal development. This has paved the way for potentially new living configurations anticipating future pandemics.

More information: Lenny Chiang-Hanisko et al, COVID-19 Pandemic and Posttraumatic Growth in Residents of a Continuing Care Retirement Community: A Mixed Methods Study, Journal of Gerontological Nursing. DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20240503-01

Journal information: Journal of Gerontological Nursing Provided by Florida Atlantic University

New Study Highlights Concerns Over Pesticide Residues Among Fruit and Vegetable Consumers in Five Countries

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Researchers from CABI have uncovered significant concerns regarding pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables, pinpointing them as a primary source of food safety anxiety among consumers in Bangladesh, Ghana, Kenya, Pakistan, and Uganda. Published in the journal Global Food Security, the study indicates a strong preference among concerned consumers for purchasing produce from specialist shops rather than street vendors, underscoring a widespread apprehension about pesticide risks.

The implications of these findings are profound, as they underscore the potential impact of pesticide risk concerns on consumer behaviour, potentially deterring the consumption of nutritious foods like fruits and vegetables that are rich in carbohydrates, dietary fibre, vitamins, and minerals. This is particularly critical given the World Health Organization’s (WHO) report that fruit and vegetable intake in Africa remains well below recommended levels, with consumption estimates in sub-Saharan Africa ranging from 70-312g per person per day, significantly lower than the WHO’s advised minimum of 400g.

Dr Justice Tambo, the lead author and a Senior Socio-Economist at CABI, highlighted the crucial role of fruits and vegetables in maintaining a healthy diet but raised alarms over the growing food safety risks associated with their consumption. The study, which analysed survey data from 8,644 consumers across five countries, revealed that pesticides are the most frequently cited concern, ahead of issues like microbial food poisoning and food additives.

The heightened concerns about pesticide residues are attributed to various factors, including the intensive use of synthetic pesticides and the limited adoption of non-chemical pest management strategies, such as cultural, physical, and biological controls, by farmers in the study regions. The prevalence of chemical pest control is notably high, with its usage ranging from 77% among farmers in Kenya to over 90% in Bangladesh, Ghana, and Pakistan, and about half of these farmers reportedly apply pesticides weekly.

Additionally, marketing and media campaigns influence the perception of pesticide risks relative to other food safety risks. Interestingly, the study found that, on average, only 56% of respondents had received information on food safety, with even lower exposure rates in Pakistan and Uganda.

The incidence of household members experiencing food poisoning symptoms after consuming fruits and vegetables also varies widely, from 23% in Kenya to 43% in Pakistan. This further highlights the urgent need for addressing food safety concerns, which are significant determinants of consumer choices regarding where to purchase fruits and vegetables. For instance, Dr Tambo noted that fears of pesticides could increase the likelihood of consumers buying from specialist shops by 8-16 percentage points and decrease their purchases from street hawkers by 1-14 percentage points.

To combat these issues, the researchers advocate for farmers to adopt integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, which could help reduce dependence on synthetic pesticides and increase the availability of safer produce in markets. Strengthening enforcement of pesticide safety regulations and monitoring is also critical to enhancing food safety in the fruit and vegetable supply chain. Additionally, raising public awareness about the risks associated with pesticide residues is essential to sensitise consumers and potentially drive demand for safer produce, which could, in turn, encourage farmers and traders to meet this demand.

More information: Justice A. Tambo et al, Consumer pesticide concerns and the choice of fruit and vegetable markets in five low- and middle-income countries, Global Food Security. DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100801

Journal information: Global Food Security Provided by CABI

Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle Could Mitigate Brain Ageing Linked to Diabetes

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Type 2 diabetes is recognised as a significant risk factor for dementia. However, the specific effects of diabetes and its precursor stage, prediabetes, on brain ageing among individuals without dementia have not been thoroughly understood. Recent findings from an extensive brain imaging study now reveal that both diabetes and prediabetes contribute to accelerated brain ageing.

The research utilised data from over 31,000 participants aged between 40 and 70, all of whom are part of the UK Biobank and had undergone brain MRI scans (magnetic resonance imaging). By employing a machine learning technique, the researchers were able to estimate the age of the brain relative to the person’s actual chronological age.

The findings indicated that prediabetes and diabetes are associated with an increased brain age; specifically, the brains of individuals with prediabetes and diabetes were found to be 0.5 and 2.3 years older than their chronological age, respectively. This discrepancy was even more pronounced in individuals with poorly managed diabetes, where the brain age appeared over four years older than the chronological age. Additionally, the study observed that the gap between brain and chronological age tended to widen gradually among those suffering from diabetes. Notably, these effects were less pronounced in individuals who engaged in high levels of physical activity and avoided smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

Abigail Dove, the lead author of the study and a PhD student at the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society at Karolinska Institutet, emphasised the significance of these findings. She stated that an older-looking brain compared to one’s chronological age might signal a deviation from normal ageing processes and potentially act as an early indicator of dementia risk. Encouragingly, Dove also highlighted that individuals with diabetes might have the potential to positively influence their brain health through adopting a healthy lifestyle.

Although only a small subset of the study participants had repeat MRI data available, the follow-up MRI scans are still being conducted, and the research team continues to explore the long-term relationship between diabetes, prediabetes, and brain ageing.

Dove also pointed out the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes and expressed hope that the study’s outcomes would aid in preventing cognitive impairment and dementia in individuals diagnosed with diabetes or prediabetes. This research underscores the potential for interventions that could mitigate the negative impacts of these conditions on brain health.

More information: Abigail Dove et al, Diabetes, Prediabetes, and Brain Aging: The Role of Healthy Lifestyle, Diabetes Care. DOI: 10.2337/dc24-0860

Journal information: Diabetes Care Provided by Karolinska Institutet

Recent Study Reveals Cellular Routes to Alzheimer’s and Divergent Brain Ageing

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A new study has provided a compelling answer to a long-standing question in ageing research, explicitly addressing whether Alzheimer’s disease-dementia is merely a form of accelerated ageing or if there exists a distinct pathway that could lead to healthier brain ageing. This comprehensive international research effort involved mapping 1.65 million cells from 437 ageing brains, revealing diverse cellular changes associated with ageing. The study distinguished two significant pathways: one leading to Alzheimer’s disease and another representing an alternative, healthier form of brain ageing. Furthermore, the research highlighted specific cellular signatures that could predict the advancement of the disease once they manifest in the ageing brain. These findings not only provide deeper insights into the development of Alzheimer’s disease but also differentiate it from normal brain ageing. Notably, the changes in brain cells identified by the researchers may occur several years before any clinical symptoms or memory loss, thus opening avenues for personalised preventive medicine. This could potentially modify disease progression and improve outcomes for individuals at risk.

The research was led by an impressive international team, including notable contributions from Dr Naomi Habib and Gilad Green from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, alongside Dr Philip L. De Jager and Dr Vilas Menon from Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Dr David Bennett from Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, and Dr Hyun-Sik Yang from Harvard Medical School. Published in the prestigious journal Nature, the study unveiled critical insights into the cellular dynamics that drive brain ageing and the events that lead to the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). By utilising one of the most significant resources in the brain ageing field, alongside innovative machine learning algorithms, the researchers were able to delineate distinct cellular paths in brain ageing, setting a solid foundation for the development of personalised therapies targeting Alzheimer’s disease.

This study detailedly mapped the brain’s cellular environment, analysing an extensive dataset of 1.65 million single-nucleus RNA sequencing profiles from the prefrontal cortex of older adults, part of the ROSMAP cohort at Rush University in Chicago, USA. Through this extensive data, the researchers identified specific groups of glial and neuronal cells associated with traits linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, they employed a novel algorithm called BEYOND to model the intricate dynamics within brain cells throughout ageing and disease progression. This innovative approach revealed two distinct ageing pathways, each characterised by gradual, coordinated changes within specific cellular communities. Notably, one pathway leads to Alzheimer’s disease. It is marked by the progressive onset of dementia, characterised by memory loss and cognitive decline, while the other path represents a non-Alzheimer’s, healthier form of brain ageing.

The importance of this research extends to the foundational discoveries regarding the role of glial cells in Alzheimer’s disease. Previously, microglia and astrocytes, supportive cells crucial for brain function, were not fully recognised for their potential role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. However, recent findings, including those from a 2023 study published in Nature Neuroscience by the same research team, have started elucidating these cells’ specific roles. The latest study identified two distinct subsets of microglial cells, both associated with altered lipid metabolism, with one subset predicted to drive the accumulation of amyloid-β plaques—the initial hallmark pathology of Alzheimer’s disease—and another likely contributing to the subsequent buildup of neurofilament tangles. These discoveries underscore the complex interactions between different brain cells in Alzheimer’s progression and highlight the crucial role of glial cells.

The implications of these findings are significant for the development of personalised treatments. Dr Naomi Habib remarked on the unique insights gained from this research, noting that it has laid a cellular foundation for understanding the distinct pathways leading to Alzheimer’s and alternative ageing processes. By identifying specific cells involved in each unique path of brain ageing, the research paves the way for the early identification of individuals at risk of Alzheimer’s disease and for developing targeted treatments designed to promote healthy ageing. This study marks a pivotal step in understanding the cellular basis of Alzheimer’s disease and opens the door to innovative treatment strategies that could potentially alter the disease’s trajectory.

More information: Gilad Sahar Green et al, Cellular communities reveal trajectories of brain ageing and Alzheimer’s disease, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07871-6

Journal information: Nature Provided by The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Decreasing Daily Sitting to Alleviate Back Pain

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A recent study conducted by the University of Turku in Finland revealed that cutting down on daily sitting time can prevent the aggravation of back pain over a six-month period. This finding reinforces existing knowledge about the relationship between physical activity and back pain and the underlying mechanisms that contribute to this common ailment.

It might seem evident that less sitting would benefit back health, but a surprising lack of concrete data supports this claim. To address this gap, the study, carried out in collaboration between the Turku PET Centre and the UKK Institute, focused on whether reducing sitting time could prevent or alleviate back pain in overweight or obese adults who typically spend most of their day seated. Throughout the six-month study, participants managed to reduce their sitting by an average of 40 minutes daily.

The study involved a group of typical middle-aged adults who led sedentary lifestyles, engaged in minimal exercise, and were slightly overweight. According to Jooa Norha, a doctoral researcher and physiotherapist at the University of Turku, these factors heighten the risk of cardiovascular diseases and are associated with increased back pain.

Earlier findings from various research groups had already suggested that prolonged sitting might harm back health, although these results were preliminary. The new study confirms these suspicions and explores the potential biological mechanisms to prevent back pain.

Interestingly, the researchers did not find a direct correlation between changes in back pain and alterations in the fat content or glucose metabolism of the back muscles. It has been noted that individuals suffering from back pain often have excessive fat deposits within their back muscles, and impaired glucose metabolism can predispose individuals to pain. Despite these factors, the study demonstrated that back pain could be prevented or alleviated without significant muscle composition or metabolism changes. Advanced imaging techniques such as MRI and PET scans, which utilise a radioactive tracer, were employed to analyse the back muscles.

Jooa Norha advises those prone to back pain or who sit extensively to explore methods to reduce sitting at work and during leisure time. Norha emphasises, however, that engaging in physical activities like walking or more vigorous exercises is preferable to merely standing. Moreover, the researchers highlight the importance of alternating between different postures rather than striving for a ‘perfect’ posture as a key element in maintaining back health.

This study underscores the significance of modest reductions in daily sitting as a viable strategy for mitigating back pain. This move could be particularly beneficial for those leading a sedentary lifestyle. The findings add to the broader discourse on how lifestyle factors influence back health and pave the way for more targeted interventions that could help individuals manage or prevent back pain through relatively simple lifestyle adjustments.

More information: Jooa Norha et al, Effects of reducing sedentary behaviour on back pain, paraspinal muscle insulin sensitivity and muscle fat fraction and their associations: a secondary analysis of a 6-month randomised controlled trial, BMJ Open. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084305

Journal information: BMJ Open Provided by University of Turku