Monthly Archives: November 2025

Enduring poverty and escalating unsecured debt in early adult years tied to increased likelihood of early mortality

Adults who experience poverty-level incomes—whether continuously or intermittently from young adulthood into midlife—face a substantially higher risk of premature death than those who are never poor, according to new research led by the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. A companion study by the same team identifies rising unsecured debt, including credit card debt not tied to assets, as a likely pathway linking early financial strain to higher mortality risk. Both studies appear in The Lancet Public Health and offer new insights into the long-term health consequences of economic hardship during the formative adult years.

The researchers analysed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), tracking participants’ income between 1985 and 2004, when they were aged twenty-three to forty-two, and then following mortality outcomes through 2019, as participants reached ages fifty-three to sixty-two. This period is still well below average life expectancy for their birth cohorts, making the findings particularly striking. The study showed that individuals who spent more years living in poverty had more than twice the rate of premature mortality compared with those who never experienced poverty. The results emphasise the cumulative and dynamic nature of financial adversity, countering earlier research that relied on single-point income measurements and therefore may have underestimated the impact of recurrent or short-term poverty.

Senior author Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri, PhD, explained that early and mid-adulthood are critical periods in which exposure to financial instability can shape long-term health. She noted that poverty’s fluctuating patterns deserve greater attention, as even intermittent hardship appears to leave a lasting imprint on mortality risk. The authors argue that interventions to reduce poverty during these key life stages—particularly for vulnerable populations—are essential. However, more research is needed to determine which policies most effectively support long-term health.

In the second study, Zeki Al Hazzouri and colleagues examined unsecured debt trajectories among 6,954 NLSY79 participants over the same twenty-year span. They found that individuals whose unsecured debt increased steadily over time faced an eighty-nine per cent higher risk of dying in midlife compared with those whose debt remained consistently low. The researchers highlight that unsecured debt is especially burdensome: it often carries high interest rates, does not contribute to wealth accumulation, and may signal broader resource limitations. As such, it may exert significant stress, making it an essential but often overlooked social determinant of health.

Together, the two studies demonstrate that experiences of poverty and financial strain are potent predictors of premature mortality. They also underscore that economic well-being is not static but shifts over the life course, with specific periods appearing more consequential for health outcomes. By examining long-term patterns rather than single snapshots, the research offers a clearer understanding of how economic disadvantage accumulates and affects physical well-being.

An accompanying commentary by Harvard Medical School and CUNY scholars David Himmelstein and Steffie Woolhandler highlights the observed dose–response relationship: the more years spent in poverty or burdened by unsecured debt, the greater the risk of early death. They argue that these findings may help explain why poverty is particularly damaging to health in the United States, where weaker social and medical supports can amplify its effects. The commentators call for policies that actively prevent and reduce financial hardship, framing such measures as central to improving public health and reducing inequities.

More information: Calvin L Colvin et al, Investigating associations between long-term poverty exposure and premature mortality: evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 prospective cohort, The Lancet Public Health. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00227-0

Journal information: The Lancet Public Health Provided by Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health

Innovative support programme shown to ease burnout among dementia caregivers

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Caring for a loved one with dementia is an act grounded in devotion, yet it carries a heavy emotional and physical toll. The familiar reminder that no one can give endlessly without replenishing their own strength rings especially true for the more than nineteen million Americans who support relatives living with Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias. These caregivers often face prolonged stress, limited assistance, and increasing responsibilities as the condition progresses. As the nation’s population ages, the need for practical, accessible support tools has become more urgent, prompting researchers to explore new ways to ease the burdens placed on families.

Against this backdrop, digital health interventions have begun to demonstrate real promise. A process evaluation led by Kang Shen, a PhD student in health services research at George Mason University’s College of Public Health, presents compelling evidence that user-friendly digital programmes can offer meaningful relief and practical guidance. Her work centres on WECARE 2.0, a culturally tailored digital intervention explicitly designed for dementia caregivers. According to Shen’s analysis, participation in the programme led to notable improvements in users’ mental and physical well-being, showcasing how thoughtfully designed digital tools can help bridge long-standing gaps in caregiver support.

One of the programme’s most striking strengths lies in its intuitive, culturally resonant delivery. Shen highlights that WECARE’s combination of relevant content and an accessible technological platform proved both effective and popular among participants. High satisfaction and strong engagement were reflected in caregivers’ reports of enhanced skills, improved problem-solving, reduced stress, and increased feelings of social support. Several participants noted that the programme’s audio recordings, how-to videos, and flexible access suited their needs, especially for those less comfortable with lengthy written materials. This ease of use reinforced WECARE 2.0’s appeal across age groups, including older adults who might otherwise hesitate to engage with digital resources.

The research, published in Alzheimer’s & Dementia in September 2025, also stands out for its innovative evaluative approach. Rather than relying on a single method, Shen employed a blend of qualitative and quantitative techniques: surveys, interviews, self-reported reviews, and digital engagement metrics. This comprehensive data set provided more profound insight into how caregivers interacted with the content, how often they engaged with various features, and which aspects they found most helpful. Such a multi-layered approach provides far richer insights than traditional evaluations, revealing not only outcomes but also the mechanisms behind them.

A key feature of Shen’s work is the integration of both active and passive measurements. Short surveys captured direct user feedback, while backend usage tracking recorded real-time behaviour. Together, these methods allowed researchers to detect what was working well, what required adjustment, and why. This dynamic perspective enables continuous refinement of digital tools, ensuring that interventions remain relevant and responsive rather than static or outdated. It also sets a valuable precedent for future digital health research, particularly in underserved communities.

Professor Y. Alicia Hong, an expert in digital health interventions, established the foundations of WECARE. Delivered through the widely used social media platform WeChat, WECARE 2.0 provides educational articles, video guides, self-care tips, and avenues for social connection. By meeting caregivers within a familiar digital environment, the programme lowers barriers to participation and fosters a sustained sense of accessibility and support.

Insights from Shen’s evaluation are already being incorporated into the next phase of WECARE’s development to create even more effective and inclusive tools for diverse caregiving communities. Supported by a multidisciplinary team of collaborators across several universities, Shen’s work provides a model for designing culturally grounded, genuinely accessible digital interventions.

In its essence, this research offers more than a single programme: it marks a step forward in reimagining how technology can support families caring for loved ones with dementia. By prioritising usability, cultural resonance, and rigorous evaluation, WECARE 2.0 demonstrates how digital innovation can ease caregivers’ burdens while strengthening their confidence and resilience.

More information: Kang Shen et al, Process evaluation of a digital health intervention for dementia caregivers: Integrating active and passive measurements, Alzheimer’s & Dementia. DOI: 10.1002/alz.70663

Journal information: Alzheimer’s & Dementia Provided by George Mason University

Total daily step count plays a greater role in supporting healthy ageing in older women than stepping frequency

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New research suggests that taking at least 4000 steps on just one or two days each week is linked with a lower risk of early death and cardiovascular disease in older women. Published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, the study indicates that even infrequent bouts of moderate activity can offer meaningful protection. Rather than requiring daily adherence to step goals, the findings point towards a more flexible approach that still yields health benefits, which may prove especially helpful for older adults who find it challenging to maintain consistent daily routines.

The study addresses a significant gap in current physical activity guidance. While it is well established that lifelong movement supports healthier ageing, there remains considerable uncertainty about how much activity older adults need to achieve measurable benefits. Step counts in particular remain largely absent from guideline recommendations, despite widespread use of step-tracking devices. To shed light on this, the researchers investigated both the total number of steps accumulated per day and the number of days each week on which older women achieved between 4000 and 7000 steps. This dual focus allowed them to examine whether step volume or the pattern of achieving step goals plays a more decisive role in shaping long-term health outcomes.

Their analysis drew upon data from 13,547 women, with an average age of 71, who wore accelerometers for seven days between 2011 and 2015. None had cardiovascular disease or cancer at the start of the study, and all were followed for nearly eleven years. Over this period, 1765 participants died and 781 developed cardiovascular disease. By linking these outcomes to baseline step data, the researchers identified associations between step habits and later health events.

The results were striking. Older women who reached at least 4000 steps on one or two days each week had a 26 per cent lower risk of death from any cause and a 27 per cent lower risk of cardiovascular death compared with those who did not reach this threshold at all. Achieving 4000 steps on three or more days produced an even greater reduction in overall mortality, rising to 40 per cent, though the cardiovascular benefit did not increase further. Higher step totals—between 5000 and 7000 per day on at least three days—were linked with additional reductions in all-cause mortality, though cardiovascular benefits plateaued. Once the data were adjusted for average daily steps, many of these associations weakened, suggesting that overall step volume is the essential factor.

Although the study cannot prove causation and only one week of activity was measured, the authors emphasise a clear message: it is the amount of movement across the week that seems to matter most, not how often step targets are met. Even accumulating steps in an uneven or “bunched” pattern appears to offer a meaningful protective effect. In practical terms, this means older women may benefit from pursuing activity in whatever rhythm suits their lives—slow and steady or concentrated bursts—strengthening the case for including step-based measures in future physical activity guidelines.

More information: Rikuta Hamaya et al, Association between frequency of meeting daily step thresholds and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in older women, British Journal of Sports Medicine. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2025-110311

Journal information: British Journal of Sports Medicine Provided by BMJ Group

Rigid arterial pathways could intensify the initial stages of cognitive decline in later life

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Findings from the multisite IGNITE clinical trial indicate that arterial stiffness — a condition in which large blood vessels lose their natural elasticity — may heighten the impact of nerve fibre injury in the brains of older adults who are not yet showing signs of cognitive impairment. This relationship is drawing growing attention because it may help clinicians recognise individuals who are more vulnerable to future memory and thinking problems long before symptoms appear. As researchers increasingly investigate how vascular health influences brain ageing, the interplay between stiffened arteries and subtle neurological changes is emerging as a key area of interest.

The study, published in Alzheimer’s & Dementia, followed 570 cognitively unimpaired older adults. It focused on neurofilament light chain (NfL), a blood biomarker that reflects damage to nerve fibres in the brain. Although NfL levels rise naturally with age, unusually elevated levels can signal accelerated neural ageing or increased risk of cognitive decline. By measuring plasma NfL, the researchers aimed to detect biological signs of brain vulnerability that might not yet be evident through behaviour or clinical assessment.

To assess vascular health, the team used carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity, a widely accepted measure of arterial stiffness. Healthy arteries expand and contract with each heartbeat, cushioning pressure and ensuring stable blood flow. Stiff arteries, however, lose this capacity and transmit greater force to the organs they supply. Because the brain relies on exceptionally steady blood circulation, even modest disruptions can gradually contribute to injury. Over time, these changes may influence how effectively the brain processes and stores information.

The results showed that greater arterial stiffness was associated with poorer cognitive performance, particularly in episodic memory, working memory and processing speed. These domains are crucial for daily functioning, and even slight declines can signal broader vulnerabilities. The most striking finding was that individuals with both high arterial stiffness and elevated NfL showed the strongest association with memory difficulties. In this subgroup, higher NfL was associated with significantly worse memory outcomes, suggesting that stiffened arteries may amplify the effects of nerve fibre injury on the brain.

Although these findings highlight a potentially significant interaction, the study’s cross-sectional design does not establish cause and effect. Longitudinal research will be necessary to determine whether improving vascular health — for example, by treating hypertension or high cholesterol — can modify the relationship between nerve fibre damage and cognitive performance. Nonetheless, the results offer a valuable early indication that vascular and neurological factors may work together to influence cognitive ageing.

Several investigators emphasised the broader implications. Lewis A. Lipsitz, MD, noted that healthy brain ageing depends not only on preventing nerve fibre damage, but also on maintaining the condition of the blood vessels that nourish the brain. Lead author Amani M. Norling, PhD, stressed that dual monitoring of NfL and vascular health may help identify individuals at elevated risk. Senior author Kirk Erickson, PhD, added that understanding why some people decline faster than others remains a central challenge in ageing research, and studies like IGNITE bring the field closer to targeted therapies.

For many older adults, early cognitive changes are challenging to detect, yet the groundwork for decline may form long beforehand. This study offers promising evidence that protecting vascular health could play a meaningful role in preserving memory and cognitive function as people age.

More information: Amani M. Norling et al, Arterial stiffness moderates the link between NfL and cognition: The IGNITE study, Alzheimer’s & Dementia. DOI: 10.1002/alz.70554

Journal information: Alzheimer’s & Dementia Provided by Hebrew SeniorLife Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research

Playing or listening to music in later life tied to sharply lower dementia risk, research shows

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A new Monash University-led study has found that regularly listening to music after the age of seventy is associated with a striking reduction in dementia risk. Drawing on data from more than 10,800 older adults, the researchers reported that those who consistently listened to music had a thirty-nine per cent lower chance of developing dementia compared with those who rarely or only occasionally engaged with music. The findings suggest that musical activity, even in a passive form, may play a meaningful role in supporting cognitive health later in life.

The research was conducted by honours student Emma Jaffa and Professor Joanne Ryan, who examined the cognitive benefits of both listening to music and playing an instrument. They found that participants who always listened to music experienced the most potent protective effect. Meanwhile, individuals who played an instrument also benefited, showing a 35% reduction in dementia risk. Although the study could not determine causation, the results indicate that both active and passive forms of musical engagement may offer cognitive advantages.

To reach their conclusions, the researchers analysed data from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study and the ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons (ALSOP) sub-study. These large-scale projects provide detailed information about the health, habits, and cognitive outcomes of older adults, enabling investigation of how everyday lifestyle behaviours relate to long-term brain health. The team’s findings were published in the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.

One of the most notable outcomes was the clear difference between frequent music listeners and those with limited exposure. Participants who always listened to music not only experienced a lower incidence of dementia but also had a seventeen per cent reduced risk of cognitive impairment. In addition, they scored higher on cognitive assessments, including tests of episodic memory, which involves the recall of everyday events and personal experiences. Participants who regularly listened to and played music showed benefits as well, with a 33% lower risk of dementia and a 22% reduction in cognitive impairment.

Ms Jaffa noted that the results highlight music as a potentially accessible strategy for maintaining cognitive health. Music is widely enjoyed, inexpensive, and easy to incorporate into daily routines, making it an appealing option for older adults seeking ways to support their wellbeing. However, she emphasised that although the findings are promising, more research is needed to determine whether music directly contributes to cognitive protection or correlates with other beneficial lifestyle factors.

The study sits within a broader global context in which ageing populations are placing greater pressures on health systems. As medical advances extend human lifespan, the prevalence of age-related diseases, including dementia, continues to rise. With no cure currently available, prevention and delay of onset are crucial research priorities. Senior author Professor Ryan stressed that brain ageing is shaped not only by genetics and time but also by environmental and lifestyle choices. She noted that activities such as listening to or playing music may therefore support cognitive resilience.

While further work is required to confirm causal pathways, the study offers a hopeful perspective: engaging with music —a simple, universally accessible activity —may help preserve cognitive function and enhance quality of life in later years.

More information: Emma Jaffa et al, What Is the Association Between Music-Related Leisure Activities and Dementia Risk? A Cohort Study, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1002/gps.70163

Journal information: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Provided by Monash University

Enhancing Longevity Through Improved Hand Dexterity

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Among older adults, the decline in lower limb strength—necessary for walking, standing, and maintaining balance—has long been recognised as a primary contributor to the need for long-term or nursing care. Previous research by the same team established a strong link between reduced leg function and the likelihood of requiring assistance in later life. However, while the role of lower limbs in mobility has been extensively studied, far less attention has been paid to hand function, despite its importance for performing everyday tasks such as dressing, cooking, eating, and personal hygiene. When hand dexterity declines, these basic self-care activities become increasingly challenging, which may lead to a gradual loss of independence and, ultimately, a greater need for professional care. Yet until recently, few studies had examined the degree to which declining manual ability is associated with future long-term care requirements.

To explore this relationship, the research team conducted a longitudinal study involving approximately 1,000 older residents of Kasama City, Japan’s Ibaraki Prefecture. These participants had previously undergone detailed physical fitness evaluations, including tests of hand dexterity and strength. Over a follow-up period of up to fourteen years, the researchers tracked whether these individuals eventually required long-term care. Their analysis revealed a significant trend: participants with poorer hand function faced a notably higher risk of needing nursing care than those with stronger, more agile hands. Even after controlling for factors such as age, sex, and lower-limb performance, diminished hand dexterity independently predicted a greater likelihood of care dependency.

A particularly novel aspect of this work was the discovery of a curvilinear dose–response relationship between hand function and the risk of requiring nursing care. Rather than a simple linear association, the findings showed that below a specific functional threshold, the risk rose sharply. Specifically, those who completed fewer than twenty-one circles in fifteen seconds during a dexterity test were significantly more likely to enter long-term care. However, once hand function exceeded this threshold, further improvements did not translate into a statistically significant reduction in risk, suggesting a performance plateau. This finding refines the understanding of how manual ability influences health outcomes, identifying a measurable benchmark for concern.

The implications of this research are considerable for both clinical practice and public health policy. Traditionally, efforts to prevent frailty and dependence in older adults have focused heavily on improving lower limb strength and balance. The present findings argue for a broader approach, emphasising that maintaining fine motor skills and grip strength is equally crucial for preserving autonomy. Regular activities that stimulate manual control—such as crafts, handwriting, musical practice, or targeted hand exercises—could therefore play a vital role in delaying or preventing care dependency. By identifying a quantifiable threshold of hand performance, the study also opens the door to practical screening measures that could alert healthcare providers to early declines before they become debilitating.

Ultimately, the study demonstrates that hand function, much like mobility, is a key determinant of healthy ageing. Its decline can subtly erode independence, while its preservation can extend the span of life lived without reliance on external care. As societies worldwide confront rapidly ageing populations, recognising the hands not merely as instruments of dexterity but as indicators of resilience and longevity marks an essential step toward ensuring longer, healthier, and more autonomous lives.

More information: Namhoon Lim et al, Dose-response Association between Hand Dexterity and Functional Disability: A Longitudinal Study from the Kasama Study, Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research. DOI: 10.4235/agmr.25.0075

Journal information: Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research Provided by University of Tsukuba

Amino acid supplement could help older adults get more out of their exercise routine

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Feeling drained can make even light exercise feel daunting, and this tendency becomes more noticeable as people grow older. The body’s ability to generate energy, recover from exertion, and maintain a steady mood can all shift with age, leaving many individuals feeling that regular activity is too tiring to manage. A recent pilot clinical trial conducted at UT Health San Antonio has identified a potential way to ease some of these barriers. The study explored whether supplementing with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) while following a structured exercise routine could help older adults feel less fatigued, improve physical strength, and reduce depressive symptoms. Rather than treating the supplement as a standalone fix, the researchers positioned it as something that might make exercise itself more accessible and rewarding.

The research is grounded in the broader question of how ageing alters the body’s internal systems, particularly those connected to inflammation and metabolism. Jason O’Connor, PhD, a co-author of the study and associate professor in the Department of Pharmacology at The University of Texas at San Antonio, explained that his team has spent years investigating how chronic, low-grade inflammation drives functional decline. Inflammation tends to increase with age and can interfere with both physical and emotional resilience. O’Connor noted that amino acid metabolism has emerged as a key factor in these processes. Amino acids serve as the building blocks of proteins and also help regulate brain chemistry; disruptions in their use and balance may influence energy levels, muscle maintenance, and mood. For older adults already coping with fatigue or reduced mobility, even a slight improvement in metabolic efficiency could make a meaningful difference.

The trial itself was published in the August 2025 issue of Dietetics and ran over eight weeks. Twenty participants, with an average age of about seventy and all living with obesity, took part in a programme combining moderate aerobic exercise and strength training. The study was double-masked and placebo-controlled, meaning that neither participants nor researchers knew who received the BCAA supplement or an inactive placebo. This design helps ensure that neither expectation nor bias affects outcomes. What emerged at the end of the eight weeks was a noticeable contrast between the two groups. While those who exercised without supplementation experienced modest improvements, the group taking BCAAs reported far greater gains. Fatigue decreased by roughly 45%, depressive symptoms declined by about 29%, and there were measurable upticks in strength and endurance.

Understanding why BCAAs might exert these effects requires looking at what they actually are. The three amino acids in this group—leucine, isoleucine, and valine—cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through food or supplements. They are essential for muscle protein synthesis and recovery, which becomes increasingly relevant as muscle naturally declines with age. Yet the benefits appear to extend beyond muscle tissue. Several lines of research suggest that BCAAs may reduce perceived mental fatigue, perhaps by modulating neurotransmitters involved in alertness and emotional balance. They may also trigger cellular pathways that defend against muscle breakdown. For older adults, these combined effects could translate into feeling more capable during exercise and recovering more comfortably afterwards. In other words, the supplement does not create strength on its own, but it may enable individuals to participate more fully and consistently in the movements that build strength.

Even so, the study’s authors stress the importance of perspective. The improvements seen here, though impressive for a small pilot trial, are not enough on their own to justify universal recommendations. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to confirm the results, determine optimal dosages, and explore how differences in age, health status, or lifestyle may influence outcomes. O’Connor and his research team are already organising further trials, including studies involving ageing veterans. They are also pursuing more detailed inquiries into how amino acid metabolism interacts with inflammation levels, muscle adaptation, and mood regulation. The long-term goal is a clearer, more personalised understanding of how nutrition can support healthy ageing, rather than a one-size-fits-all prescription.

Another crucial factor to consider is that supplements interact differently with different bodies. Although BCAAs are widely available, they can affect medical conditions or medications, especially in older adults managing complex health profiles. This is why the researchers caution that anyone considering adding BCAAs to their routine should first consult a healthcare professional. Supplements can be helpful, but they are most effective when introduced with guidance, context, and awareness of the individual’s overall health. The real value of the study’s findings lies not in encouraging people to rush out and buy supplements, but in showing that there may be supportive strategies that help older adults stay active and feel better while doing so.

Ultimately, this research opens the door to a hopeful message: maintaining activity in later life need not feel like fighting against the body’s limits. With thoughtful support—whether nutritional, behavioural, or therapeutic—it may be possible to feel less exhausted and more empowered. Exercise remains one of the strongest contributors to physical and emotional wellbeing, particularly in ageing. Suppose BCAA supplementation can make the path toward regular activity smoother, more manageable, and more uplifting for individuals who struggle with fatigue or low motivation. In that case, it represents not a shortcut but a gentle nudge toward strength, resilience, and renewed confidence.

More information: Ronna Robbins et al, Branched-Chain Amino Acids Combined with Exercise Improves Physical Function and Quality of Life in Older Adults: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial, Dietetics. DOI: 10.3390/dietetics4030032

Journal information: Dietetics Provided by The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center

Why Age Matters in Vaccine Response and What Can Enhance Protection

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As flu season approaches and vaccination campaigns begin once again, a long-standing challenge comes back into focus: vaccines often do not work as effectively for older adults, particularly those aged 65 and above. Scientists at the Allen Institute have been working to understand why this happens, and their findings are offering new ways to improve vaccine effectiveness later in life. Instead of viewing weaker immune responses as an inevitable decline, the research suggests that the immune system changes in patterned, predictable ways as we age, opening the possibility of targeted solutions that could help vaccines work better for everyone.

The study, published in Nature, is the largest of its kind and focuses on T cells, which play a central role in coordinating immune responses. These cells help B cells produce antibodies that fight viruses and make vaccines more effective. For a long time, researchers believed that chronic inflammation or accumulated health conditions were the leading causes of reduced immune responses in older adults. However, the new findings indicate that, even in healthy ageing, T cells undergo a significant functional shift. This change is not random or simply damage from illness, but rather a fundamental and universal feature of the ageing immune system.

Researchers found that memory T cells in older individuals shift toward a “Th2-like” state, altering the signals they send to B cells. As a result, even when a vaccine delivers the correct viral material, the immune system may struggle to mount a strong antibody response. Lead author Claire Gustafson, PhD, noted that these findings challenge assumptions about the role of inflammation, suggesting that inflammation and immune ageing are not as closely linked as once believed. Instead, immune cells behave differently as we grow older, shaping how effectively the body can respond to vaccines such as the annual flu shot or COVID-19 boosters.

This insight has important implications for future vaccine design. Instead of relying on a single vaccine formulation for people of all ages, researchers may be able to tailor vaccines to account for age-related immune changes. Doctors might one day evaluate a person’s immune profile to predict how well they will respond to a vaccine, allowing for more personalised immunisation strategies. Scientists are also exploring whether immune cells could be adjusted or “retrained” before vaccination. Technologies such as CRISPR, already used in therapies like CAR-T for cancer, could in the future be applied to reprogramme ageing immune cells so they respond more like younger ones.

The conclusions of this study are based on extensive data. Scientists worked with more than 90 healthy adults aged 25 to 65 over 2 years, using advanced techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics to observe how immune cells changed. They then created the Human Immune Health Atlas, an extensive online resource that maps seventy-one types of immune cells across age groups. By analysing more than 16 million immune cells from adults aged 90 and older, the team assembled an unprecedented picture of how immune ageing unfolds. This resource is freely available and is already expected to support future research worldwide.

The significance of this work extends beyond seasonal vaccines. It provides a clearer understanding of how the immune system changes across the lifespan and offers concrete targets for maintaining immune health as we age. As researchers continue exploring this dataset, they hope to uncover further insights that may reshape how medicine supports older adults in staying healthy, resilient, and protected.

More information: Claire Gustafson et al, Multi-omic profiling reveals age-related immune dynamics in healthy adults, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09686-5

Journal information: Nature Provided by Allen Institute

Cutting Back on Sleep Medication May Enhance Well-Being and Extend Lifespan in Older Adults

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Millions of older adults in the United States struggle with chronic insomnia, and many rely on prescription sleep medications to cope. These drugs, including benzodiazepines and Z-drugs such as Ambien, are often taken nightly and sometimes for far longer than medical guidelines recommend. While they can bring short-term relief by helping people fall asleep more easily, they also carry well-documented risks for older adults. These risks include increased likelihood of falls, fractures, memory problems, and physical dependence on the medication. Despite warnings from leading medical societies, the use of these drugs in older age has remained widespread, in part because sleep problems are so persistent and distressing. Older adults may feel they have no other workable option, and doctors sometimes continue prescriptions to avoid causing withdrawal symptoms or renewed insomnia, which can make it seem as though the medication is still necessary.

A recent study conducted by the USC Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics suggests that reducing the use of sleep medications among older adults could lead to significant improvements in both health and life expectancy. The researchers used a detailed simulation model to examine what would happen if people aged fifty and older stopped taking these drugs. Their findings indicated that avoiding these medications could reduce the number of falls in later life by around 8.5 per cent and lower the risk of cognitive impairment by just over 2 per cent. These changes might sound modest on an individual level, but when applied to millions of people across the country, their impact becomes substantial. The researchers also estimated that older adults could gain an average of 1.3 months of additional life, totalling more than a million extra years of life across the population. Most importantly, this added time would be spent in relatively good health rather than simply extending years of frailty.

Sleep medication use is widespread among adults over fifty, with more than fifteen million people in this age group taking prescribed sleep aids. The prevalence tends to increase with age and is exceptionally high among women and white adults. While insomnia itself can be harmful and has been linked to depression, heart disease, and cognitive decline, the long-term use of medication is not proving to be the best answer for many individuals. Part of the difficulty is that withdrawal from these medications can be uncomfortable, causing anxiety and a return of sleeplessness that feels worse than before. This can create confusion for both patients and physicians, who may interpret the withdrawal symptoms as evidence that the medication is still needed. As a result, the prescription continues, even though it may no longer be providing true benefit, and may instead be contributing to further health challenges.

The economic consequences of reducing medication use are also notable. According to the study, avoiding sleep drugs in older adults would lead to an average lifetime savings of around $6,600 per person and approximately $101 billion nationally. These savings stem largely from improvements in health and quality of life, including avoiding falls that lead to hospitalisation and reducing the need for nursing home care. Older adults who fall and break a bone often face long recovery periods, reduced mobility, and, in some cases, a permanent loss of independence. By lowering the odds of these events, reducing the use of sleep medication could help more older adults maintain their daily routines, physical stability, and sense of autonomy for longer. In practical terms, this means fewer medical emergencies, fewer families facing sudden care needs, and a healthcare system less burdened by preventable injuries and complications.

One of the most promising alternatives to prescription sleep medication is cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, commonly known as CBT-I. This approach does not involve drugs but instead focuses on teaching individuals how to change habits and thought patterns that interfere with sleep. CBT-I helps people create more consistent sleep routines, address worries that can keep the mind active at night, and build healthier associations with the sleep environment. Research shows that CBT-I is just as effective as medication in the short term and more effective over time, with none of the harmful side effects. It can be delivered in person, through online sessions, or via structured mobile apps, making it accessible to many people. However, awareness and availability can vary, and many patients are not offered CBT-I as a first-line treatment. Encouraging physicians to recommend it more often could be a key step in reducing medication dependence.

The study also highlights several strategies that could help shift prescribing habits. For example, electronic health record systems could be set up to remind doctors of the potential risks when prescribing sleep medication to older adults, or to prompt them to consider alternative treatments. Clinicians might also receive routine feedback comparing their prescribing rates with those of their peers, encouraging reflection and adjustment. These types of interventions have been used successfully in the past to reduce unnecessary prescriptions for antibiotics and opioids. The goal is not to deny medication to those who genuinely need it, but to ensure that prescriptions are thoughtful, limited in duration, and accompanied by support for safer long-term strategies. The researchers emphasise that insomnia is a real and troubling problem for many older adults, and the aim is not to minimise the distress it causes, but instead to encourage solutions that lead to lasting improvements in well-being rather than continued risk.

In essence, reducing the use of prescription sleep medications among older adults represents a shift toward healthier aging. It encourages approaches that prioritise safety, independence, and cognitive clarity. It also acknowledges that sleep is not merely a medical issue but one deeply connected to emotional, social, and lifestyle factors. Helping older adults achieve better sleep without relying on drugs requires patience, guidance, and compassionate support. Yet the potential rewards are considerable: improved daily functioning, reduced risk of injury, enhanced mental sharpness, and a stronger sense of control over one’s health. By encouraging safer sleep practices and broadening access to effective non-drug treatments like CBT-I, both healthcare providers and patients can work together to create more sustainable and empowering approaches to sleep in later life.

More information: Hanke Heun-Johnson et al, Lifetime burden of prescription medication for insomnia in middle-aged and older adults in the US: a microsimulation study, The Lancet Regional Health – Americas. DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2025.101284

Journal information: The Lancet Regional Health – Americas Provided by University of Southern California

High Intake of Ultra-Processed Foods Associated with Reduced Physical Function in Later Life

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A recent study published in Nutrients examined whether eating large amounts of ultra-processed foods influences frailty and physical function in middle-aged and older adults. The researchers found that higher intake of these foods did not directly increase the likelihood of developing frailty, a condition marked by weakness, fatigue and reduced resilience. However, the study showed that consuming more ultra-processed foods was associated with small but noticeable declines in physical performance over time. These changes were subtle, yet meaningful enough to raise concerns about how diet shapes mobility as people age.

The research drew on data from 2,547 adults taking part in the Framingham Offspring Cohort, a long-term study that has followed participants for decades. Over an average of nearly 11 years, around 9 per cent of the participants developed frailty. Despite this, statistical analysis did not show a direct relationship between ultra-processed food intake and the onset of frailty. The results suggest that frailty is influenced by many different factors, including genetics, physical activity levels and overall health history, which may make it challenging to isolate diet as a single cause.

However, when the researchers examined measures of physical function more closely, a more precise pattern emerged. Each additional daily serving of ultra-processed food was associated with a minimal decline in walking speed each year for both men and women. In men, each extra serving was also associated with a slight reduction in grip strength over time. Walking speed and grip strength are both widely used indicators of physical capability in ageing research, as they reflect balance, muscle strength and overall bodily resilience. Even slight declines in these measures can accumulate and eventually affect daily activities.

Shivani Sahni, PhD, a senior author on the study, explained that the findings highlight a more gradual form of impact. Ultra-processed foods may not directly cause frailty, but their nutritional quality may contribute to slower, quieter declines in physical strength and mobility. Such foods often contain high levels of added sugars, unhealthy fats and sodium, while providing fewer nutrients needed to maintain muscle and bone health. Over many years, this imbalance may wear down the body’s ability to move with ease and confidence.

Lead author Elsa M. Konieczynski, MS, emphasised the importance of considering diet as part of ageing well. She noted that choosing whole and minimally processed foods may help preserve physical function and support independence later in life. These foods supply fibre, vitamins, minerals and protein in forms that are more readily used by the body to sustain muscle strength and cellular repair. Shifting everyday eating habits does not require strict avoidance of convenience foods, but rather a mindful approach to balance and nourishment.

The study underscores the idea that healthy ageing is shaped by gradual, long-term patterns rather than sudden changes. While the link between ultra-processed foods and frailty was not direct, the observed declines in gait and strength suggest that diet still plays an important role in how the body ages. These findings add to growing evidence that diets richer in whole foods can support mobility, vitality and independence. For individuals and healthcare providers alike, such research reinforces the value of dietary choices made not just for immediate satisfaction, but for the ability to live actively and confidently in later life.

More information: Elsa M. Konieczynski et al, Ultra-Processed Food and Frailty: Evidence from a Prospective Cohort Study and Implications for Future Research, Nutrients. DOI: 10.3390/nu17162631

Journal information: Nutrients Provided by Hebrew SeniorLife Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research

Study reveals many Americans misunderstand the link between alcohol consumption and cancer risk

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Researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center have reported that many people in the United States still do not realise that drinking alcohol increases the risk of developing cancer. This is notable because the scientific evidence linking alcohol to several types of cancer is well-established and has been acknowledged by major health organisations for years. Yet the study found that more than half of American adults surveyed did not recognise this connection. The research raises concerns about how health information is shared and understood, and why certain risks remain poorly acknowledged in everyday life. Suppose people are unaware that a behaviour poses a potential danger. In that case, they are unlikely to adjust it, which means the effects of misinformation or simple lack of awareness can have real consequences for public health.

The study, published in JAMA Oncology, noted that around 52.9 per cent of adults did not know that alcohol affects cancer risk. In comparison, only 37.1 per cent correctly recognised that drinking increases the likelihood of developing cancer. A tiny minority, roughly one per cent, believed that alcohol might actually decrease cancer risk. Another striking detail from the findings was that people who had recently consumed alcohol were more likely to think that it did not affect cancer risk. This suggests that personal habits may influence how individuals interpret scientific information, sometimes in ways that protect them from discomfort or guilt. When a behaviour is socially common, culturally normalised, and frequently associated with pleasure or relaxation, it can be easier for individuals to discount warnings, even when the evidence is clear.

Lead author Sanjay Shete, PhD, pointed out that beliefs are central to health decision-making. If someone does not believe that alcohol contributes to cancer, they are unlikely to feel motivated to reduce how much they drink. Shete emphasised that addressing such misunderstandings is essential to encouraging healthier choices at the population level. The argument is not merely about persuading people to stop drinking entirely, but rather ensuring they know the risks clearly enough to make informed decisions. Alcohol marketing and social culture tend to focus on enjoyment, sociability, and lifestyle, with very little attention given to long-term health consequences. This cultural framing can complicate efforts to communicate medical risks effectively, even when the science is clear and consistent.

The study also highlighted differences in awareness among demographic groups. Individuals with lower levels of educational attainment, current cigarette smokers, and those who identified as Black were less likely to know about the cancer risks associated with alcohol. Additionally, people who did not believe that cancer can be prevented were more inclined to think alcohol did not influence cancer risk. These findings underline that public health messaging must consider social context, access to information, and structural inequalities. Presenting data alone is not always sufficient to change beliefs. Messages may need to be communicated in ways that are culturally relevant, accessible, and sensitive to how different communities receive and interpret health guidance.

Alcohol is classified by the World Health Organization as a Group 1 carcinogen, placing it in the same category as substances such as tobacco, asbestos, and certain forms of radiation. This classification indicates that there is substantial and conclusive evidence that alcohol can cause cancer. Drinking has been linked to cancers of the breast, liver, colon, throat, mouth, and oesophagus, among others. According to the National Institutes of Health, about 5.5 per cent of all new cancer cases and 5.8 per cent of cancer-related deaths can be attributed to alcohol consumption. These are not small numbers, and they illustrate why awareness matters. If more people understood that routine drinking has a measurable impact on cancer risk, it could influence how often and how much they choose to drink. This is especially relevant given recent shifts in guidelines that now encourage lower levels of alcohol consumption for health protection.

The researchers based their conclusions on responses from nearly 7,000 adults who took part in the 2024 Health Information National Trends Survey. Participants were asked a direct question: how they believed drinking alcohol affects cancer risk. They could answer that it increases risk, decreases risk, has no effect, or that they did not know. The varied responses reflected not only a lack of information but also the influence of personal experience, social environment, and cultural messaging. In short, the study reveals a significant divide between scientific knowledge and public understanding. Bridging this divide will require clear communication, better education, and more consistent public health messaging. By increasing awareness and correcting misunderstandings, it may be possible to reduce preventable cancer cases and encourage healthier approaches to alcohol consumption across society.

More information: Joël Fokom Domgue et al, Beliefs About the Effect of Alcohol Use on Cancer Risk in the US Adult Population, JAMA Oncology. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4472

Journal information: JAMA Oncology Provided by University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center

Extent of Plant-Food Processing as a Determinant of Heart Health

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Many earlier studies have suggested that eating a large amount of ultra-processed foods is linked to an increased likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease. At the same time, other research has shown that diets rich in plant-based foods, when of good nutritional quality, may help lower this risk. However, simply labelling a diet as “plant-based” does not always mean it is healthy, because plant-derived foods can vary widely in how they are prepared and processed. A diet full of vegetables, whole grains, legumes, fruits, nuts, and seeds in their natural or lightly processed forms is not the same as a diet high in packaged snacks, sweetened drinks, and ready-made meals, even if all of these are technically made from plants. As plant-based eating becomes more popular, it has become increasingly important to understand what “plant-based” really means in practice, and how different types of plant-derived foods affect the body.

A team of researchers from INRAE, Inserm, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, and Cnam examined this question in depth by analysing not only whether people ate more plant-based or animal-based foods, but also the nutritional value of the foods and the level of industrial processing involved. Nutritional quality refers to how foods are composed in terms of fat, sugar, salt, fibre, and key vitamins and minerals. The level of processing, on the other hand, refers to how much the food has been altered from its original form through factory preparation, use of additives, or refinement. By combining these two considerations—quality and processing—the researchers were able to gain a clearer picture of how modern dietary patterns relate to heart health, beyond simple categories such as vegetarian, vegan, or omnivorous.

To conduct this research, the scientists used data from 63,835 adults participating in the long-running NutriNet-Santé study in France. The participants’ diets were recorded through detailed online questionnaires that documented their food and drink consumption over several days. The average follow-up period for monitoring their health outcomes was just over 9 years. For some individuals, the study followed their dietary patterns and cardiovascular health for up to 15 years. With this information, the researchers identified different types of diets not only by the proportion of plant-based versus animal-based foods, but also by the nutritional value of those foods and the degree of processing before consumption.

The results showed that individuals who consumed a high proportion of plant-based foods that were both nutritionally balanced and minimally processed had a significantly lower risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Specifically, those whose diets emphasised fresh or lightly processed plant foods—such as vegetables, whole fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts—had roughly a 40 per cent lower risk of heart disease compared with people whose diets contained fewer such foods and more animal-based products. These findings support existing public health guidance encouraging diets built around whole plant foods that are rich in fibre, antioxidants, and healthy fats, while being relatively low in added sugars, salt, and saturated fats.

However, the study also revealed that eating a diet high in plant-based foods does not automatically offer protection if those foods are ultra-processed. Individuals who ate substantial amounts of plant-based foods that underwent extensive industrial processing did not experience a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, even when these products appeared nutritionally acceptable on labels. Examples of such foods include pre-packaged soups, industrial breads, ready-made meals, and salads prepared with processed dressings. Ultra-processed foods often contain additives, refined ingredients, and altered food structures that may affect metabolism, digestion, and appetite regulation. This means that, in theory, a plant-based diet may still act in the body in ways that do not support heart health if the foods have been heavily processed during manufacturing.

The study further found that diets high in plant-based foods, both low in nutritional quality and ultra-processed, were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This category included sugary cereals, sweetened drinks made from plant extracts, confectionery, flavoured snack foods, and similar items. In these cases, the risk of heart disease increased by about 40 per cent when compared with people consuming minimally processed, nutrient-rich plant foods. These findings highlight an important point for public health messaging: encouraging plant-based eating is beneficial only when the foods promoted are genuinely nutritious and as close as possible to their natural forms. For dietary guidance to be practical, it must consider not only the plant-to-animal ratio in the diet but also the nutritional composition and degree of processing of the foods consumed.

More information: Clémentine Prioux et al, Cardiovascular disease risk and the balance between animal-based and plant-based foods, nutritional quality, and food processing level in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort: a longitudinal observational study, The Lancet. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101470

Journal information: The Lancet Provided by INRAE – National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment