Monthly Archives: April 2025

Muscle Damage After Exercise: Comparable or Reduced in Older Adults Versus Young Adults

A new study has upended the longstanding belief that ageing muscles are more prone to soreness and damage following exercise. Contrary to widespread assumption, older adults experience less muscle soreness than younger individuals after physical exertion. These findings challenge the notion that older muscles are inherently less resilient and take longer to recover, offering a more optimistic outlook for maintaining physical activity in later life.

Published in the Journal of Aging and Physical Activity (JAPA), the study “Advancing Age Is Not Associated with Greater Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage” comprehensively investigates how ageing influences muscle performance, soreness, and biochemical indicators of muscle damage. Co-authored by researchers from Lancaster University, the analysis synthesises data from 36 separate studies to assess muscle responses across different age groups. Participants were divided into two categories: younger adults aged 18 to 25 and older adults aged 35 and above.

The researchers examined three primary markers of post-exercise response: subjective muscle soreness, objective muscle function loss, and creatine kinase levels—a biochemical indicator of muscle damage. Surprisingly, older adults consistently reported lower levels of soreness. Forty-eight hours after exercising, they experienced about 34% less soreness than their younger counterparts. This difference became even more pronounced by the 72-hour mark, at which point older participants reported 62% less soreness. Additionally, creatine kinase levels were 28% lower in older adults 24 hours post-exercise, suggesting a diminished inflammatory or muscular stress response.

These results point to a noteworthy conclusion: age does not appear to be associated with increased vulnerability to muscle damage. The fundamental capacity for muscle recovery remains relatively stable despite physiological changes that occur with ageing—such as reductions in muscle mass and hormonal shifts. This insight contradicts the belief that older individuals should avoid intense or frequent exercise due to a greater risk of muscle strain, soreness, or prolonged recovery periods. On the contrary, the findings support a more confident approach to physical activity at older ages.

The study also observed sex-based differences, with males showing slightly more significant muscle function reductions after exercise than females. However, the researchers noted no significant difference in outcomes based on the type of exercise performed, whether it involved resistance or endurance training or targeted the upper or lower body. This suggests that age-related resilience in muscle recovery is broadly consistent, regardless of training modality or the muscles engaged.

Dr Lawrence Hayes, senior author of the study and a lecturer at Lancaster Medical School, highlighted the practical significance of the research. “These findings are significant because they challenge the widespread belief that ageing muscles recover more slowly or are more prone to exercise-induced damage,” he stated. “This misconception often discourages older adults from engaging in regular physical activity due to fears of prolonged soreness or weakness.” The evidence, however, suggests that such fears may be misplaced and that older adults can benefit from a more active lifestyle without undue concern over muscle recovery.

The study’s broader implications could influence how exercise programmes and recovery protocols are designed for older populations. If older individuals are indeed less affected by muscle soreness than previously assumed, then their training schedules may not need to include disproportionately long recovery periods. This opens the door to more frequent or higher-intensity workouts, contributing to better health outcomes, including improved mobility, strength, and cardiovascular function. As Dr Hayes emphasised, “Exercise has no age limit—move more to live longer and healthier. Aim for 150 minutes of physical activity per week, include strength training twice weekly, and most importantly, find a workout you enjoy. You’re likelier to stick with it when you enjoy it.”

More information: John Fernandes et al, Advancing Age Is Not Associated With Greater Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression, Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. DOI: 10.1123/japa.2024-0165

Journal information: Journal of Aging and Physical Activity Provided by Lancaster University

Retinal Thickening Linked to Increased Risk and Severity of Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults

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A new study published in the open-access journal General Psychiatry found that thickening of the macular layer in the right eye’s retina is significantly associated with a heightened risk and severity of postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing general anaesthesia. The findings suggest that macular thickness, as measured through a standard ophthalmological test, may be a helpful non-invasive biomarker to identify those at increased risk of this common and serious post-surgical complication.

Postoperative delirium is a frequent and concerning outcome for older individuals recovering from surgery. Characterised by sudden confusion, disorganised thinking, and altered levels of consciousness, it can have lasting consequences on a patient’s physical and cognitive health. Those who develop delirium tend to require extended hospital stays, are less likely to regain complete independence, and face increased chances of needing assistance with daily activities or even permanent placement in nursing facilities. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that postoperative delirium is linked to long-term cognitive decline and an elevated risk of dementia.

Because visual impairment has already been identified as a risk factor for postoperative delirium, the research team sought to investigate whether specific structural changes in the retina could indicate increased vulnerability. In particular, they focused on the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. They hypothesised that abnormal thickening of this retinal layer might reflect underlying neurological changes that predispose older adults to cognitive disturbances following surgery.

To explore this possibility, the study recruited 169 patients aged 65 or over who were scheduled to undergo elective procedures—such as hip or knee replacements or kidney and prostate surgeries—at Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital. Before surgery, all participants underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT), a non-invasive imaging technique that provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina. The thickness of the macula in both eyes was measured, and each patient was subsequently monitored for signs of delirium during the first three postoperative days using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). The severity of any delirium observed was assessed using the CAM-Severity (CAM-S) scale, which evaluates features such as inattention, disorganised thinking, sleep disturbances, agitation, and psychomotor slowing.

The results revealed that 40 patients—approximately 24% of the total sample—developed postoperative delirium. These individuals had a significantly greater average macular thickness in the right eye (283.35 µm) compared to those who did not experience delirium (273.84 µm). Statistical analysis further showed that, even after adjusting for age, sex, and mental status, an increase in right eye macular thickness was linked to a 1.593-fold higher likelihood of developing postoperative delirium. Moreover, greater macular thickness was associated with increased risk and higher severity scores on the CAM-S scale. Interestingly, the macular thickness in the left eye did not demonstrate the same association, suggesting a lateralised effect that aligns with previous research indicating asymmetrical patterns in retinal and cerebral neurodegeneration.

While these findings open new avenues for the early identification of patients at risk for postoperative delirium, the authors caution against over-interpretation. As an observational study, it cannot establish a definitive cause-and-effect relationship. The small sample size and lack of data on potential confounders—such as eye dominance—pose limitations. Nonetheless, the results point to a promising direction for future research. The study concludes by proposing that OCT-derived macular measurements might be integrated into preoperative assessments for older adults, helping clinicians anticipate and mitigate the risk of postoperative delirium through tailored interventions and closer monitoring.

More information: Zhongyong Shi et al, Association between retinal layer thickness and postoperative delirium in older patients, General Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2024-101740

Journal information: General Psychiatry Provided by BMJ Group

Consistent Transcendental Meditation May Alleviate Stress and Slow the Ageing Process

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A collaborative research effort led by scientists from Maharishi International University (MIU), the University of Siegen, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences has found that long-term practitioners of Transcendental Meditation® (TM®) display biological indicators suggestive of reduced stress and a slower ageing process. The study evaluated several physiological and neurological markers by drawing upon data from individuals who had practised TM for either 12 or 40 years and comparing them with non-meditating controls. These included gene expression profiles, electroencephalogram (EEG) readings of cognitive function, and levels of stress-related hormones such as cortisol and cortisone found in hair samples.

Supaya Wenuganen of MIU, one of the lead authors, explained that the research supports the broad-ranging health benefits of sustained TM practice. “Our study shows that long-term engagement with TM technologies may influence health at the molecular level,” Wenuganen said. “We observed meaningful differences in gene expression, brainwave activity, and stress hormone levels that collectively point to reduced biological stress and a slowing of age-related physiological decline.” The findings have been published in a special issue of Biomolecules, titled Possible Anti-Aging and Anti-Stress Effects of Long-Term Transcendental Meditation Practice: Differences in Gene Expression, EEG Correlates of Cognitive Function, and Hair Steroids.

Among the most striking observations were changes in gene expression associated with ageing and inflammation. One such gene, SOCS3—known for its role in chronic stress regulation and energy metabolism—showed reduced expression in TM practitioners. This reduction may indicate a lower “allostatic load,” referring to the cumulative physical toll that long-term stress places on the body. Kenneth Walton, senior researcher at MIU and co-author of the study, remarked, “Lower levels of age-related gene expression and diminished cortisol in long-term TM practitioners suggest that these individuals may be ageing more slowly and adapting to stress more effectively than those who do not meditate.”

The study also investigated age-related changes in brain function using EEG recordings. In particular, researchers measured N2 and P3 latency—electrical signals in the brain corresponding to attention and cognitive processing speed. Typically, these responses become slower with age. However, older TM practitioners demonstrated response times that closely matched those of much younger participants. Moreover, they scored higher on the Brain Integration Scale (BIS), which evaluates reaction time, brainwave coherence, and attentional focus. Co-author Frederick Travis said, “Older meditators showed the same cognitive agility as young controls, reinforcing the idea that TM practice may preserve brain function as we age.”

Hormonal analysis further supported the idea of reduced chronic stress in long-term meditators. The study assessed cortisol levels (the active stress hormone) and cortisone (inactive form) in hair samples, revealing that TM practitioners had a lower cortisol-to-cortisone ratio. This is significant, as sustained high levels of cortisol are linked to cognitive decline and numerous age-related illnesses. Walton elaborated, “The reduced ratio suggests a stronger adaptive reserve in meditators—an ability to return to baseline after stress more efficiently. This kind of resilience is a key component of healthy ageing and long-term well-being.”

This research builds upon previous findings from MIU and related institutions, which have long documented TM’s mental and physical health benefits, including improved cardiovascular outcomes and enhanced psychological resilience. By exploring a diverse set of biological and neurological metrics, the present study offers a comprehensive look at how meditation might act as a preventive health strategy. The authors intend to investigate the cellular and metabolic mechanisms underpinning these effects, particularly those involved in inflammation regulation and mitochondrial function. As meditation continues to gain acceptance within both clinical and wellness settings, this study offers compelling evidence for its potential as a low-cost, non-invasive tool for supporting longevity and reducing the impact of chronic stress on the human body.

More information: Kenneth Walton et al, Possible Anti-Aging and Anti-Stress Effects of Long-Term Transcendental Meditation Practice: Differences in Gene Expression, EEG Correlates of Cognitive Function, and Hair Steroids, Biomolecules. DOI: 10.3390/biom15030317

Journal information: Biomolecules Provided by Maharishi International University

Study Finds Weight Training May Shield Ageing Brains from Dementia

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The advantages of weight training have long been recognised, particularly in promoting physical strength, building muscle mass, reducing body fat, and enhancing overall well-being. However, a new study conducted by researchers at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in São Paulo, Brazil, offers compelling evidence that its benefits extend even further into brain health. Specifically, the research demonstrates that regular resistance training may significantly protect older adults from cognitive decline, even in those already experiencing early signs of dementia. The study, published in the journal GeroScience, highlights the potential of weight training as a non-pharmacological intervention to mitigate the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

The study involved 44 individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a condition characterised by a level of cognitive decline more severe than expected for one’s age but not yet reaching the threshold for Alzheimer’s. Participants were divided into two groups, one undergoing a structured programme of twice-weekly weight training sessions for six months, while the other group remained sedentary as a control. The findings revealed measurable cognitive improvement among the weight training group, particularly in memory, and significant changes in brain structure. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed that those who engaged in resistance training experienced reduced atrophy in critical regions of the brain associated with Alzheimer’s—namely, the hippocampus and the precuneus.

These structural changes are especially noteworthy given these brain regions’ role in memory consolidation and spatial reasoning. The hippocampus, in particular, is one of the first areas affected in Alzheimer’s disease, and its deterioration is closely linked with the memory loss typical of the condition. By showing that weight training can help preserve volume in these areas, the researchers offer compelling evidence of its protective neurological effects. The study also observed improved white matter integrity in trained participants, a sign of healthier neural connections and reduced neurodegeneration. These results collectively suggest that strength training can offer neurobiological resistance against the structural hallmarks of dementia.

Dr Isadora Ribeiro, the study’s lead author and a doctoral fellow at UNICAMP, emphasised the significance of the results. While some cognitive and physical benefits of exercise were anticipated, the scale and specificity of the brain changes observed surpassed expectations. “We were keen to understand how weight training would influence brain anatomy in older individuals already at risk,” she noted. “What we discovered is highly encouraging: resistance training isn’t just about muscle—it’s also an effective tool for safeguarding brain health.” Dr Ribeiro further observed that, remarkably, five participants who initially had a clinical diagnosis of MCI showed sufficient cognitive improvement to no longer meet diagnostic criteria by the end of the trial, implying the possibility of partial or even complete reversal in the early stages of decline.

The implications of these findings stretch beyond academic curiosity. The study’s co-author and supervisor, Dr Marcio Balthazar of the Brazilian Institute for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), highlighted the practical importance of incorporating physical activity into public health strategies. He pointed out that emerging pharmacological treatments for dementia—such as anti-amyloid medications approved in the United States—can cost upwards of $30,000 annually, making them inaccessible for many and unsustainable at a systemic level. In contrast, weight training offers a low-cost, scalable, and non-invasive approach to prevention and early intervention. He called for increased integration of physical education professionals into primary healthcare teams to ensure such interventions are implemented widely and effectively.

One of the most compelling aspects of this research lies in its exploration of the biological mechanisms behind these benefits. Physical activity, including weight training, has been shown to stimulate the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and irisin, which play essential roles in neuroprotection and synaptic plasticity. These substances are produced in response to muscle contraction and have been linked to neurons’ growth, maintenance, and survival. Additionally, exercise has anti-inflammatory effects across the body, reducing the presence of pro-inflammatory proteins associated with accelerated neurodegeneration. Balthazar explains that inflammation plays a critical role in the cascade of damage leading to Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia and that mitigating it through regular exercise could prove transformative in slowing or even halting disease progression.

Further investigations are underway to understand better how changes in BDNF, irisin, and other markers relate to the observed anatomical shifts in the brain. While the current study only ran for six months, the researchers believe extending the training period could yield more impressive results. Dr Ribeiro speculated that a regimen lasting several years might not only arrest cognitive decline but potentially reverse MCI diagnoses in a significant proportion of patients. “It’s a prospect full of hope,” she remarked. “And one that deserves to be explored with more robust, longer-term clinical trials.”

In conclusion, this study sheds new light on the profound cognitive and neurological benefits of weight training for older adults. It serves as a call to action for policymakers, clinicians, and individuals alike to rethink ageing, cognitive health, and the role of physical activity in preventive medicine. Resistance training, often overshadowed by aerobic exercises in public discourse, emerges here as a tool for muscle maintenance and a formidable ally in the fight against dementia. As society grapples with the growing burden of Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases, this accessible, affordable, and evidence-based intervention may offer a glimmer of hope—and a solid foundation—for healthier ageing.

More information: Isadora Ribeiro et al, Resistance training protects the hippocampus and precuneus against atrophy and benefits white matter integrity in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, GeroScience. DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01483-8

Journal information: GeroScience Provided by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

Ageing immigrants and those living with dementia encounter comparable challenges in obtaining both social and healthcare services

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A recent investigation carried out by the University of Eastern Finland has shed light on the intricate and overlapping barriers that impede older immigrants and immigrants with dementia from accessing social and healthcare services in Finland. Published in the Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, the study draws on the perspectives of professionals who work closely with these populations, revealing how multiple, interconnected challenges affect service accessibility. Rather than existing in isolation, these barriers tend to reinforce one another, compounding the difficulties faced by vulnerable immigrant groups.

Among the most prominent issues are linguistic limitations, a lack of familiarity with digital tools, and insufficient awareness of legal rights or the range of social and medical services available. These issues are further exacerbated by an absence of supportive social networks, such as family and friends, as well as by instances of neglect or even abuse. Cultural disparities and differing conceptualisations of illness and care also contribute to these access gaps, revealing a need for more nuanced and inclusive approaches within Finland’s welfare and healthcare systems.

One of the study’s key findings is language’s role in magnifying other forms of exclusion. Difficulty with Finnish or Swedish, the country’s official languages, impairs older immigrants’ ability to communicate directly and limits their capacity to navigate increasingly digitalised public services. Individuals may remain unaware of their entitlements or assistance without digital literacy or language proficiency. For immigrants with dementia, the situation is particularly complex. Cognitive decline may lead them to forget previously acquired second languages, increasing their reliance on their mother tongue at a time when institutional support may be least accessible in that language.

The lack of close family ties or friendships—often a source of informal support in navigating bureaucratic systems—further isolates these individuals and heightens their vulnerability to mistreatment. Older immigrants frequently struggle to benefit from language instruction programmes designed for the general immigrant population, which may not be tailored to the needs of elderly learners. As a result, even services intended to promote inclusion can inadvertently exclude those who are older or experiencing cognitive decline. This points to the necessity of more targeted interventions and adaptive teaching methods for these subgroups.

Despite these challenges, the study also identifies avenues of support that can mitigate access issues. Family members, immigrant communities, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) frequently serve as intermediaries, helping individuals understand and access services while alleviating some of the demand on state-run systems. However, these entities are often under-resourced and rely heavily on volunteers or limited funding. The researchers stress that increased governmental backing for such organisations is beneficial and essential if Finland hopes to create a more equitable service environment.

Dr Alex Berg, a doctoral researcher involved in the project, emphasised the importance of practical solutions informed by service users’ lived experiences. One recommendation is recruiting more bilingual staff across social and healthcare services. This would enable older immigrants and those with dementia to seek help independently in their native language, reducing their reliance on family members or interpreters. Providing information about services in multiple languages is another vital step in ensuring equitable access and empowering immigrants to assert their rights within the system.

Finally, the study calls for a shift in how service providers approach immigrant clients. Rather than relying on assumptions or stereotypes, professionals are encouraged to treat immigrants like any other client while remaining sensitive to the cultural values and specific challenges that shape their experiences. This dual awareness—of shared humanity and individual context—could be key to bridging the service gap for older immigrants and those living with dementia. The findings underscore the urgent need for systemic changes that are culturally informed, linguistically inclusive, and responsive to the needs of an increasingly diverse ageing population.

More information: Alex Berg et al, Barriers to Accessing Care and Support Services for Older Immigrants and Immigrants with Dementia in Finland: Perspectives of Professional Social and Health Care Providers, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology. DOI: 10.1007/s10823-025-09523-2

Journal information: Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology Provided by University of Eastern Finland

Depression and Anxiety Linked to Discrimination Especially Prevalent Among Multiracial, White, and Asian Groups

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A recent study has revealed that more than half of adults in the United States report experiencing some form of discrimination. This widespread phenomenon appears to significantly heighten the risk of developing depression and anxiety. This new research suggests that the psychological burden of such experiences is not evenly distributed across society but is instead shaped by a constellation of cultural, social, and systemic influences that affect different racial and ethnic groups in distinctive ways. The findings offer a broader understanding of how subtle yet persistent mistreatment can harm mental health, moving beyond conventional narratives that focus exclusively on specific populations.

Discrimination, especially in its everyday manifestations, has increasingly been identified as a key contributor to poor mental health. Unlike overt acts of racism or prejudice, everyday discrimination refers to subtle, routine interactions in which individuals are treated with disrespect, ignored, or subjected to hostile behaviour—experiences that often pass unchallenged yet leave lasting psychological impressions. A growing body of academic literature has explored how such experiences may cumulatively degrade mental well-being. This new study, carried out by researchers at Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH) and Brown University, builds on that foundation by examining the impact of discriminatory experiences across a broad swathe of the U.S. adult population.

Published in JAMA Network Open, the study analysed data collected in 2023 from nearly 30,000 adults aged 18 or older. The sample was statistically weighted to represent more than 258 million U.S. adults, making the study one of the most comprehensive investigations of discrimination’s mental health effects. The researchers used standardised instruments to assess the frequency of discrimination as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety. Respondents reported whether they had been mistreated, received poor service, or felt harassed, and they also answered questions indicating psychological distress, such as persistent sadness, hopelessness, worry, or restlessness.

The results paint a sobering picture: over 55 per cent of U.S. adults indicated they had experienced some form of discrimination, and 3.6 per cent reported experiencing high levels of it. Those who encountered high levels of discrimination were found to be more than five times as likely to screen positive for depression and five times as likely to show signs of anxiety. Even more alarmingly, adults who had experienced discrimination were nearly nine times more likely to screen positive for both conditions simultaneously compared to those who reported no such mistreatment. These trends held across genders, reinforcing the widespread reach of the issue.

However, the psychological toll of discrimination was particularly pronounced among multiracial, White, and Asian adults—groups that have historically received less attention in research on racial discrimination and mental health. These findings suggest that discrimination exerts harmful effects across the racial and ethnic spectrum, not only among traditionally marginalised communities. By broadening the frame of reference, the study sheds light on how people from all backgrounds can be vulnerable to mental health issues linked to discriminatory treatment, although in different and often context-specific ways.

Further analysis revealed that high levels of discrimination were most prevalent among Black adults, followed by individuals who identified as multiracial or belonging to other racial categories, then Hispanic or Latino adults, White adults, and finally Asian adults. Additionally, discrimination was more frequently reported among women, immigrants, and individuals living with disadvantages such as physical disabilities, obesity, or food insecurity. These intersecting factors reveal how discrimination can compound other forms of social vulnerability, intensifying the impact on mental health.

The researchers suggest that various mechanisms might underlie these patterns. Multiracial individuals, for example, may contend with unique challenges related to navigating multiple racial identities, leading to feelings of exclusion or confusion about social belonging. White individuals, while not traditionally framed as targets of racial discrimination, may nonetheless suffer from prejudice tied to socioeconomic status, educational attainment, or rural versus urban divides. Asian adults may face anxiety and depression due to language barriers or the pressures of the “model minority” stereotype, which erroneously assumes success and thus overlooks real struggles.

“These are not imagined harms,” says Dr. Marie-Rachelle Narcisse, senior author and assistant professor of psychiatry and human behaviour at Brown University. “Studies have shown that discrimination shapes mental health most deeply when it goes unacknowledged. I hope our findings generate greater awareness. In awareness, there is strength—and with strength comes the capacity to seek healing in a more intentional way.” Her remarks underscore the importance of recognising and naming these experiences, as failure can deepen psychological wounds and deter individuals from seeking help.

At the same time, the study’s authors stress that their findings should not be misconstrued as minimising the mental health consequences of discrimination for Black, Hispanic, or Latino populations. These groups continue to face deeply entrenched barriers to health and well-being rooted in systemic racism and historical oppression. Instead, the study aims to widen the conversation and promote a more inclusive approach to understanding how discrimination affects all communities. “Our results are a powerful reminder that discrimination is everyone’s issue,” says Dr. Monica Wang, the study’s lead author and associate professor of community health sciences at BUSPH. “Addressing it is not just about protecting specific communities—it benefits society as a whole.”

More information: Monica Wang et al, Discrimination, Depression, and Anxiety Among US Adults, JAMA Network Open. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.2404

Journal information: JAMA Network Open Provided by Boston University School of Public Health

Light Daily Exercise Associated with Reduced Cancer Risk

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In a large-scale prospective cohort study involving over 85,000 adults in the United Kingdom, researchers from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the University of Oxford found that individuals who engaged in daily physical activity—whether of light or moderate-to-vigorous intensity—faced a lower risk of developing cancer compared to those who led more sedentary lifestyles. The study’s findings, published on 26 March 2025 in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, are among the first to examine the protective effects of light-intensity activity, such as household chores and routine errands, on cancer risk.

While previous research has consistently demonstrated an inverse relationship between physical activity and cancer incidence, most earlier studies have relied on self-reported questionnaires. Such tools are prone to inaccuracies, particularly in capturing the intensity and duration of various physical activities. Moreover, investigations that employed objective measures typically focused on higher-intensity exercise, leaving a gap in understanding regarding the role of lower-intensity movements in disease prevention.

In the current study, led by scientists at the NIH’s National Cancer Institute, participants in the UK Biobank study—whose median age was 63—wore wrist-worn accelerometers continuously for one week. These devices precisely measured total daily activity, intensity, and step count. Researchers then analysed the relationship between these physical activity patterns and the incidence of 13 types of cancer previously linked to exercise, including breast and colorectal cancer.

Over an average follow-up period of 5.8 years, 2,633 participants were diagnosed with one of the 13 targeted cancer types. The data revealed that individuals in the highest quartile of daily physical activity had a 26% lower risk of developing cancer compared to those in the lowest activity group. Furthermore, when researchers modelled the effect of substituting sedentary time with either light-intensity or moderate-to-vigorous activity, they observed a notable reduction in cancer risk. These associations remained statistically significant even after adjusting for various potential confounding factors, including demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, body mass index (BMI), and pre-existing health conditions.

The study also examined the specific impact of step count on cancer risk, independent of step intensity. Interestingly, while faster walking did not offer additional benefits, higher daily step counts were consistently associated with reduced cancer risk. Compared to individuals averaging 5,000 steps daily, those who walked 7,000 steps daily experienced an 11% lower risk, and those reaching 9,000 steps saw a 16% reduction. However, the benefit appeared to plateau beyond the 9,000-step mark.

Taken together, these findings suggest that even modest increases in daily movement—particularly among relatively inactive individuals—may contribute meaningfully to cancer prevention. The authors highlighted that encouraging more walking and routine low-intensity activity, regardless of pace, could be an accessible and effective strategy to help lower cancer risk across the population.

More information: Alaina Shreves et al, Amount and intensity of daily total physical activity, step count and risk of incident cancer in the UK Biobank, British Journal of Sports Medicine. DOI: 0.1136/bjsports-2024-109360

Journal information: British Journal of Sports Medicine Provided by NIH/National Cancer Institute

Fatty Liver Disease Associated with Higher Mortality Risk from Multiple Conditions

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A detailed study conducted by researchers at Karolinska Institutet reveals that individuals diagnosed with fatty liver disease face nearly double the mortality rate compared to the general population. According to findings published in The Journal of Hepatology, these individuals exhibit heightened risks of death not only from liver-specific diseases but also from prevalent conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.

In Sweden, approximately one in five individuals suffer from fatty liver disease, specifically referred to as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Globally, this figure could rise to around one in four people. The primary cause of MASLD is excessive body weight or obesity, which results in abnormal fat accumulation within the liver. This accumulation can progress to severe liver injury and even liver cancer.

A key challenge with fatty liver disease is its stealthy nature, as many affected individuals remain unaware of their condition, particularly in the initial stages when symptoms are rarely evident. Axel Wester, an assistant professor at the Department of Medicine, Huddinge, at Karolinska Institutet, and a physician at Karolinska University Hospital, points out that their research highlights a broader spectrum of health risks faced by MASLD patients, extending far beyond liver-related illnesses.

The research team analysed health records of over 13,000 Swedish patients diagnosed with MASLD between 2002 and 2020, examining mortality rates from various causes compared to those of the broader population. The study’s findings indicated an overall mortality rate nearly double that of the general populace. While risks were elevated for virtually all categories of death investigated, they were notably pronounced for liver-specific conditions. Mortality risk from liver disease was 27 times higher, and death due to liver cancer reached a staggering 35 times higher among MASLD patients compared to the general population.

Nevertheless, the study also found that the most common causes of death among MASLD patients were cardiovascular disease and non-liver cancers, exhibiting mortality rates of 54 per cent and 47 per cent higher, respectively. Beyond these primary concerns, individuals with MASLD also faced increased risks of death from infections, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, endocrine diseases, and external injuries or accidents. Interestingly, the research did not indicate an increased risk of death from mental health conditions.

Hannes Hagström, adjunct professor at the Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, and senior physician at Karolinska University Hospital, emphasised the importance of a more comprehensive healthcare strategy for individuals suffering from MASLD. Rather than concentrating solely on liver health, Hagström advocates for a holistic and multidisciplinary approach. Early intervention and integrated care spanning various medical specialities is essential to improve patient outcomes and overall prognosis effectively.

More information: Hannes Hagström et al, Cause-specific mortality in 13,099 patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in Sweden, Journal of Hepatology. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.03.001

Journal information: Journal of Hepatology Provided by Karolinska Institutet

Recent Studies Show Meditation Influences Key Brain Regions Linked to Memory and Emotional Control

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Researchers utilising intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from deep brain regions have discovered that meditation alters the amygdala and hippocampus, which are crucial for emotional regulation and memory. This significant finding was part of a study conducted at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and published on February 4 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study highlights the potential of meditation to positively impact areas of the brain associated with memory and emotional control, providing a scientific basis for developing meditation-based therapeutic approaches.

Historically, meditation, which involves a series of mental techniques to enhance focus and awareness, has been shown to improve mental well-being and aid in the treatment of psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. Previous research has linked meditation to changes in brain activity, but the specific neural activities that underpin the beneficial effects of meditation have remained elusive. This gap in understanding has spurred further scientific inquiry into the mechanisms by which meditation influences brain function.

Christina Maher, a neuroscience PhD student at the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine and the first author of the paper explains the unique approach of their study: “Traditionally, it has been challenging to study these deep limbic brain regions in humans using standard methods like scalp EEG. Our team overcame this challenge by leveraging data collected from a unique patient population—epilepsy patients with surgically implanted devices that allow for chronic EEG recording from electrodes implanted deep in the amygdala and hippocampus.” She described the discovery of changes in brain wave activity during a participant’s first meditation session as “quite amazing.”

The research involved eight neurosurgical patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who were fitted with a responsive neurostimulation system. These individuals, novice meditators before the study, participated in a structured meditation session that included five minutes of audio-guided instruction followed by ten minutes of loving-kindness meditation—a practice focused on fostering thoughts of well-being for oneself and others. To assess the effectiveness of the meditation, participants reported their depth of meditation on a scale of 1-10 post-session, with the average score being a notable 7.43.

Ignacio Saez, PhD, Associate Professor of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, and Neurology at the Icahn School of Medicine and the senior author of the paper, highlighted the specific changes observed: “Loving kindness meditation is associated with changes in the strength and duration of certain types of brain waves called beta and gamma waves. These kinds of brain waves are affected in mood disorders like depression and anxiety, so the possibility of being able to willfully control these through meditation is pretty amazing, and may help explain the positive impact that these practices have on individuals.”

The study is distinguished by its use of advanced invasive neural recording techniques, which provide a much more detailed and precise insight into brain activity than traditional methods like scalp EEG. Conducted in the Quantitative Biometrics Laboratory at Mount Sinai West, the study’s setting—a lab designed to mimic a natural, relaxing environment—enhances its ecological validity by reflecting conditions more typical of real-world meditation settings. Despite the promising results, the researchers acknowledged limitations such as the small sample size and the focus on single-session effects without long-term follow-up.

“This study provides a foundation for future research that could contribute to developing meditation-based interventions to help individuals modulate brain activity in areas involved in memory and emotional regulation,” said Dr. Saez. “Meditation is noninvasive, widely accessible, and doesn’t require specialised equipment or medical resources, making it an easy-to-use tool for improving mental well-being. However, it is crucial to note that meditation is not a replacement for traditional therapies. Instead, it could serve as a complementary low-cost option for individuals experiencing challenges with memory or emotional regulation.” The Mount Sinai research team plans to conduct follow-up studies exploring the relationship between the brain activity observed and mood/mental health outcomes, aiming to gather more data on how ongoing meditation impacts mental well-being in real-world, long-term settings.

More information: Christina Maher et al, Intracranial substrates of meditation-induced neuromodulation in the amygdala and hippocampus, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.240942312

Journal information: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Provided by The Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Appetite Diverts Focus to Unhealthier Dietary Choices

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Recent studies suggest that hunger increases the likelihood of individuals prioritising the taste of food over its nutritional value, which could lead to unhealthy dietary choices. This was the focus of a significant study featured in a revised Reviewed Preprint in eLife, employing sophisticated methodologies such as choice behaviour assessments, eye-tracking, and advanced computational modelling. The evidence supported the hypothesis that when hungry, people are more likely to choose tastiness over healthiness in their food selections.

The ongoing global obesity crisis underscores the importance of addressing dietary choices. According to statistics from the World Health Organization, the number of overweight adults has more than doubled since 1990, and adolescent obesity has quadrupled. By 2022, approximately 2.5 billion adults will be overweight, with 890 million suffering from obesity, which significantly increases the risk of severe health issues, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers.

The immediate environment significantly influences daily food-related decisions. Previous research has shown that displaying nutritional information can promote healthier eating choices. However, evidence also suggests that hunger can skew decision-making towards less healthy options. This preference for energy-dense foods may be an evolutionary adaptation to ensure survival under conditions of food scarcity. With high-calorie food now more accessible and affordable, this adaptive trait may be contributing to rising global obesity rates.

To understand the cognitive processes influencing this behaviour, Jennifer March, a PhD student at the University of Hamburg and lead author of the study, and her colleague Sebastian Gluth, a professor at the same university, conducted an experiment involving 70 adults. After an overnight fast, participants underwent food choice tests in both hungry and satiated states. In the satiated state, participants consumed a protein shake that matched their daily calorie needs at the beginning of the study. They evaluated various food items, ranking them based on taste and perceived caloric content.

The experiment’s findings revealed a consistent preference for taste over health, irrespective of the hunger state, but significantly intensified when participants were hungry. This preference aligns with previous studies suggesting that hunger enhances the perceived reward of calorie-dense foods. The study’s innovation lies in demonstrating that visual attention patterns and cognitive weighting influence this bias in decision-making processes. When hungry, participants focused more on the visual appeal of food and disregarded nutritional ratings unless they concentrated explicitly on them.

While this study was conducted in a controlled lab setting, future research could explore how these findings apply in real-world environments like grocery stores or restaurants, where external cues and marketing strategies might further influence consumer choices. Professor Gluth summarises the study’s implications, noting that hunger makes unhealthy and tasty food more appealing and alters the brain’s decision-making process by shifting the priority given to different types of information. Public health interventions should aim to redirect attention towards nutritional information to counteract the innate tendency to opt for calorie-rich foods when hungry, thus promoting healthier eating habits.

More information: Jennifer March et al, The Hungry Lens: Hunger Shifts Attention and Attribute Weighting in Dietary Choice, eLife. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.103736.2

Penn Study Suggests Older Adults May Have Greater Resistance to Bird Flu Infections Than Youngsters

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Recent research conducted at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania has uncovered that prior exposure to certain seasonal influenza viruses could lead to the development of cross-reactive immunity against the H5N1 avian influenza virus. The study indicates that older adults who encountered seasonal flu viruses before 1968 are likelier to possess antibodies that can attach to the H5N1 avian flu virus. This research was published in Nature Medicine and points to a significant generational disparity in immune protection against this strain of bird flu, underscoring the increased benefits of H5N1 vaccinations for younger adults and children, even those vaccines not explicitly tailored to the current strain circulating among birds and cattle.

Scott Hensley, PhD, a professor of Microbiology and the study’s senior author, elaborated on the findings, highlighting that immune responses triggered by influenza exposures in early childhood could last a lifetime. He explained that antibody responses initiated by exposure to H1N1 and H3N2 viruses several decades ago show the ability to cross-react with contemporary H5N1 avian viruses. While these antibodies may not prevent infection entirely, they are likely to mitigate the severity of the disease should an H5N1 pandemic occur.

The research sheds light on these antibodies’ potential protective role against a rapidly mutating virus. The H5N1 viruses have been present in birds for many years; however, a new variant known as clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus has recently emerged and spread among cattle. This new strain poorly binds to receptors in the human upper respiratory system. Still, its extensive circulation among mammals might lead to mutations that could enhance its ability to infect human airway cells and potentially facilitate human-to-human transmission.

Influenza viruses possess surface proteins called hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which enable the virus to attach to and infect healthy cells. The study involved testing blood samples from individuals born between 1927 and 2016 for antibodies that target the stalks of these proteins, particularly the less frequently evolving stalks of the hemagglutinin protein. The findings revealed that older adults born before 1968, likely exposed to H1N1 or H2N2 in their childhood, exhibited elevated levels of antibodies capable of binding to the stalk of the H5N1 virus. In contrast, young children not exposed to these older viruses displayed significantly lower protective antibodies against H5N1.

The researchers also explored how individuals from different generations responded to H5N1 vaccinations by examining blood samples taken before and after these individuals were vaccinated with a 2004 H5N1 vaccine that did not precisely match the clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus currently in circulation. Before vaccination, older adults already had higher antibodies capable of binding to H5 stalks. After immunisation, while there was only a slight increase in these antibodies among older adults, there was a substantial increase in children, indicating that the vaccine effectively enhanced their immune response against both the 2004 virus and the current clade 2.3.4.4b virus.

Concluding his remarks, Hensley stressed the potential widespread susceptibility to an H5N1 pandemic across all age groups but noted that the most significant impact might be on children. He advocated prioritising children in H5N1 vaccination efforts, especially in preparation for potential pandemic scenarios. This reflects the crucial role vaccinations might play in controlling the spread of this adaptable and potentially deadly virus.

More information: Scott Hensley et al, Immune history shapes human antibody responses to H5N1 influenza viruses, Nature Medicine. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03599-6

Journal information: Nature Medicine Provided by University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

New Research Indicates Viewing Natural Landscapes May Alleviate Pain

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A recent neuroimaging study has made a significant discovery: observing natural environments can alleviate the sensation of pain by reducing brain activity linked to pain perception. This research, published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications, was led by teams from the University of Vienna and the University of Exeter. It offers a solid foundation for developing new non-medical treatments for pain relief. By employing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), the researchers monitored the brains of 49 participants in Austria as they experienced pain induced by mild electric shocks. Notably, when these participants viewed videos of natural scenes rather than urban or indoor office settings, they reported less pain and altered brain responses typically associated with pain processing.

The study utilized advanced machine-learning techniques to analyze brain networks involved in pain processing. It was observed that the intensity of the raw sensory signals received by the brain during painful stimuli was significantly diminished when the subjects viewed high-quality virtual representations of nature. This finding supports previous research suggesting that nature can reduce subjective pain experiences. It represents the first concrete demonstration of how natural environments can influence brain function to mitigate unpleasant experiences.

Max Steininger, a PhD student at the University of Vienna and the study’s lead author, elaborated on the findings. He explained that while numerous studies have consistently shown that exposure to natural settings reduces pain, the exact mechanisms behind this effect were not previously understood. This study is the first to provide evidence from brain scans that the effect is not merely a placebo, driven by people’s expectations that nature will be beneficial, but rather a genuine reaction of the brain, reducing the perception of pain’s location and intensity.

Steininger also highlighted that nature’s pain-relieving effect was found to be about half as effective as traditional painkillers. However, these findings are promising for integrating natural experiences into pain management strategies, complementing existing medical treatments. He stressed that while people in pain should continue using prescribed medications, incorporating natural experiences could enhance pain management in the future.

This research also provides insight into the long-standing mystery of the therapeutic potential of natural settings. Over forty years ago, a pioneering American researcher, Roger Ulrich, demonstrated that hospital patients with views of green spaces from their windows used fewer painkillers and recovered faster than those facing a brick wall. However, the mechanisms underlying this benefit have remained elusive until now.

The new insights from the study offer a robust explanation for why Ulrich’s patients might have experienced less pain and show how virtual nature experiences could extend these benefits to anyone, anywhere. This provides a non-invasive and accessible method for managing pain, offering substantial practical implications for non-pharmacological pain treatments.

Dr Alex Smalley, a co-author from the University of Exeter, emphasized the study’s broader implications. He noted how virtual encounters with nature provide immediate health benefits and reinforce the importance of protecting natural environments. Smalley hoped the results would encourage more people to engage with nature, supporting environmental sustainability and public health. This groundbreaking research clarifies the biological mechanisms behind nature’s role in pain reduction. It opens new avenues for research into non-pharmaceutical interventions that leverage the restorative power of natural environments to enhance mental and physical well-being.

More information: Max Steininger et al, Nature exposure induces analgesic effects by acting on nociception-related neural processing, Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56870-2

Journal information: Nature Communications Provided by University of Exeter