Author Archives: support

Recent research reveals a connection between a partner’s joy and reduced stress hormone levels in ageing couples

According to recent findings from the University of California, Davis, having a happy, intimate partner may elevate our spirits and aid in managing stress, particularly in our later years.

The study delved into the relationship between individuals’ self-reported emotional states and satisfaction within relationships and how these correlate with their cortisol levels — a hormone closely linked with stress. Researchers found that older couples exhibited lower cortisol levels when their partners experienced positive emotions. This effect was notably pronounced among those who expressed greater satisfaction in their relationships. The findings were detailed in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology in September.

Tomiko Yoneda, an assistant professor of psychology at the College of Letters and Science and the study’s lead author, described the experience of sharing positive emotions with a partner as akin to having a social resource. She explained that these emotions could serve as a buffer against the production of cortisol, thereby playing a crucial role in managing stress responses, especially pertinent as one age.

Cortisol is integral to our body’s stress response and overall functioning. Typically, it surges upon waking and decreases throughout the day. However, during acute stress, there is a significant spike in cortisol, which prepares the body for immediate action by increasing glucose production and metabolism. The study suggests that our emotional state throughout the day significantly influences cortisol production. Negative emotions are associated with higher cortisol levels, which, if consistently elevated, can detrimentally affect overall health.

The relationship between emotions and cortisol production is robust for older individuals. Older adults often exhibit more pronounced physiological responses to stress, yet their bodies struggle to modulate cortisol production effectively. Thus, as noted by the researchers, the quality of intimate relationships may play a pivotal role in cortisol management for older couples.

Yoneda and her team conducted a comprehensive analysis of data from 321 adults aged between 56 and 87, collected through three intensive studies carried out in Canada and Germany from 2012 to 2018. The studies involved multiple daily measurements of emotional states and cortisol levels collected via saliva samples over a week. The findings revealed that individuals’ cortisol levels were lower when their partners reported higher-than-usual positive emotions. This impact was even more substantial than the effects of the individuals’ positive emotions. It was most pronounced among older participants and those with higher relationship satisfaction.

Interestingly, the study did not find a correlation between individuals’ cortisol levels and their partners’ negative emotions. Yoneda remarked that this lack of physiological response to a partner’s negative emotions aligns with previous research, which suggests that older adults might protect their partners from experiencing physiological responses to negative emotions.

Yoneda also highlighted that these results support the psychological theory that positive emotions enhance our capacity to act fluidly in the moment, creating a positive feedback loop that strengthens this capacity over time. She emphasized that relationships, particularly high-quality ones, offer crucial support, a factor that gains even more importance as people age.

In conclusion, the study underscores the significant role that positive emotional exchanges within relationships play in health and well-being, particularly among older adults. This interplay between emotions and physiological responses highlights the importance of nurturing positive relationships and points to the potential health benefits they can bring, enhancing happiness and health throughout life.

More information: Tomiko Yoneda et al, “What’s yours is mine”: Partners’ everyday emotional experiences and cortisol in older adult couples, Psychoneuroendocrinology. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107118

Journal information: Psychoneuroendocrinology Provided by University of California – Davis

Signs of Vaping’s Detrimental Impact on Blood Vessels and the Heart’s Left Ventricle

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A recent investigation conducted by academics from the USC Viterbi School of Engineering, in partnership with the Keck School of Medicine of USC, the Huntington Medical Research Institutes (HMRI), and UC Irvine, sheds light on the detrimental effects of both electronic and traditional cigarettes on cardiovascular health. The study found that electronic cigarettes compromise the health of blood vessels, whereas traditional cigarettes detrimentally affect the heart.

The research, published in the Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA), was spearheaded by Rashid Alavi while he was a mechanical engineering PhD student. Alavi worked in Niema Pahlevan’s laboratory, holds the Gordon S. Marshall Early Career Chair in Engineering at USC and is a Fellow of the American Heart Association (FAHA). Pahlevan is a renowned expert in flow physics, particularly in its application to medical diagnostics and treatments, and has pioneered non-invasive methods to monitor heart health.

The study, entitled “Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Nicotine Delivered by Chronic Electronic Cigarettes or Standard Cigarettes Captured by Cardiovascular Intrinsic Frequencies,” employs a novel analysis technique based on fluid dynamics to evaluate the impact of nicotine delivered through both e-cigarette vapour and smoke from traditional cigarettes. Although initially conducted on animal models, the methodology applies to human subjects, as demonstrated in other medical scenarios such as heart failure. In human applications, a simple smartphone camera can detect anomalies in cardiovascular functioning.

Pahlevan elucidates the technique, stating that a smartphone camera captures images of the neck skin. The images are then analysed by an algorithm that extracts vessel wall dilation from the recorded skin vibrations. This dilation waveform reflects the pressure waveform in major arteries, such as the carotid artery, which exhibits minimal viscoelasticity of the wall.

The results of the study indicate that electronic cigarettes containing nicotine adversely affect vascular function and the coupling between the left ventricle and arteries. Similarly, traditional cigarettes have been shown to impair the contractile function of the left ventricle significantly. These outcomes highlight the potential long-term risks associated with nicotine consumption and its implications for cardiovascular health.

Pahlevan points out the accelerated ageing of the vascular system induced by vaping with nicotine, emphasising the severity of its effects. Despite the growing popularity of electronic cigarettes as a potential cessation aid for smokers, their impact on cardiovascular health has been largely underexplored until this study.

Pahlevan stresses the need for careful consideration when opting for electronic cigarettes, as their adverse effects are significant. The objective of the study, according to Alavi, is to increase awareness regarding the long-term effects of vaping on the cardiovascular system. He remarks on the eventual detrimental impact on the heart when blood vessels are compromised, underscoring the importance of making informed decisions about substance use. Alavi’s doctoral thesis on this subject was recognised among the top four in the USC Viterbi Best PhD Dissertation Award, and he is currently the James Boswell Postdoctoral Fellow at Caltech and HMRI.

Alavi also notes that the intrinsic frequency method, a cutting-edge fluid dynamics-based analysis technique, is susceptible to detecting abnormalities in the cardiovascular system, surpassing some traditional hemodynamic measures. This technique holds promise for cellphone applications aimed at assessing heart function, adding a layer of accessibility and cost-effectiveness to cardiovascular monitoring.

The study lays the groundwork for further human clinical trials by developing an innovative, cost-effective method to detect cardiovascular damage using simple measurements of carotid pressure waveforms. This approach could lead to quicker, easier, and more widespread cardiovascular health assessments, making significant strides in medical diagnostics and public health awareness.

More information: Rashid Alavi et al, Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Nicotine Delivered by Chronic Electronic Cigarettes or Standard Cigarettes Captured by Cardiovascular Intrinsic Frequencies, Journal of the American Heart Association. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.124.035462

Journal information: Journal of the American Heart Association Provided by University of Southern California

Dementia Diagnostic Indicators Vary According to Time of Day

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New research led by the University of Surrey has revealed that the timing of blood sample collection can significantly influence the outcomes of diagnostic tests for dementia. This study underscores the critical impact of the time of day on the accuracy of dementia diagnostics, particularly in identifying biomarkers linked to Alzheimer’s disease, including a marker promising for early detection.

The research team observed that levels of these biomarkers shift throughout the day, with the lowest levels recorded in the morning upon waking and the highest in the evening. The study specifically highlighted the p-tau217 biomarker, known for its potential in the early diagnosis of dementia, which exhibited substantial variations between morning and evening. These fluctuations were comparable to the progression of mild memory issues worsening over a year.

Dr Ciro della Monica, a research fellow at the Surrey Sleep Research Centre, part of the University of Surrey, and lead author of the study, stressed the importance of time-of-day consideration in clinical diagnostics. He advocated for standardising sample collection times to enhance the precision of dementia diagnoses and the monitoring of disease progression.

The investigation involved 38 participants, including individuals with mild Alzheimer’s, their caregivers, and healthy controls, all residing at the Surrey Sleep Research Centre, which forms part of the UK Dementia Research Institute’s (UK DRI) Care Research & Technology Centre. In a departure from typical clinical practice, where only a single blood sample is usually taken, this study required participants to provide blood samples every three hours over 24 hours.

The findings showed that four of the five biomarkers tested—p-tau217, Aβ40, Aβ42, and NfL—demonstrated significant daily fluctuations. Only one biomarker, GFAP, did not exhibit noticeable variations. The exact causes of these time-of-day differences remain unclear. Still, they may be associated with sleep patterns, meal times, physical posture, activity levels, or other circadian rhythms.

Despite the uncertainty about the underlying mechanisms, the research clearly indicates that the timing of sample collection is a crucial factor in implementing and interpreting plasma biomarkers for dementia. The results advocate for standardising or at least consistent recording of the sampling time to ensure reliability in dementia research and patient care.

Professor Derk-Jan Dijk, Director of the Surrey Sleep Research Centre, UK DRI Group Leader, and senior author of the publication, commented on the implications of the findings. He pointed out that circadian rhythm studies have consistently shown that nearly all aspects of physiology and brain function are subject to diurnal variations. He concluded that applying this fundamental knowledge to dementia research is very promising and could lead to enhanced understanding, improved diagnoses, and better treatment strategies for Alzheimer’s disease.

More information: Ciro della Monica et al, P-tau217 and other blood biomarkers of dementia: variation with time of day, Translational Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03084-7

Journal information: Translational Psychiatry Provided by University of Surrey

Cognitive Decline Associated with Heart Failure, Atrial Fibrillation, and Coronary Artery Disease

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The recent scientific statement from the American Heart Association, published in their journal Stroke, highlights a crucial link between cardiovascular diseases and cognitive health. The paper “Cardiac Contributions to Brain Health,” delves deep into the intricate relationships among heart failure, atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, and cognitive impairment, including the increased risk of dementia.

This detailed review collates the latest research that explores the connections between cardiovascular well-being and brain health, specifically focusing on cognitive impairments or neuropsychological dysfunctions. The statement draws significant attention to the interconnected nature of heart and brain health, underscoring its importance for overall well-being. It also emphasizes that both stroke and cognitive decline are substantial determinants of brain health, which are chronic and disabling conditions that profoundly impact individuals and society at large. Fernando D. Testai, M.D., Ph.D., FAHA, the chair of the statement writing group and a prominent figure in neurology and rehabilitation at the University of Illinois, advocates for managing heart health from an early age. This proactive approach is essential to prevent cardiovascular diseases, protect brain health, and reduce the likelihood of cognitive decline later in life.

Dr. Testai further elaborates that dementia, often perceived as an incurable and relentless condition, might be influenced by early interventions focused on a healthy lifestyle and the treatment of vascular risk factors. Such measures could preserve normal brain function and mitigate the impact of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias.

Specifically, heart failure, a significant public health concern linked with high blood pressure, obesity, and Type 2 diabetes, has been shown to significantly affect cognitive functions required for tasks like self-care and medication management, particularly in older adults. Studies indicate that nearly half of the individuals suffering from heart failure experience cognitive impairments that can affect language, memory, and executive functions. Heart failure may cause brain injuries through mechanisms like reduced blood flow leading to mini-strokes or silent brain injuries, chronic inflammation, and neurohormonal activation.

Similarly, atrial fibrillation, the most prevalent heart rhythm disorder among adults, has been found to increase the risk of cognitive impairment by 39%, according to a large meta-analysis. The condition, which is closely linked to stroke, also shares multiple risk factors with dementia, such as high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes. These risk factors can induce structural and functional brain changes that lead to cognitive decline. Current treatments for atrial fibrillation, such as anti-clotting medications and rhythm control procedures like catheter ablation, may potentially reduce the risk of cognitive dysfunction.

Coronary heart disease, another focus of the statement, is also significantly associated with an increased risk of dementia and cognitive impairment. Research involving more than one million adults shows that those with heart disease are 27% more likely to develop dementia than those without. Heart attacks, in particular, are linked to a sharp decline in cognitive functions, such as memory and executive functions. Coronary heart disease impacts brain function through mechanisms like inflammation that affects the blood-brain barrier and reduced blood flow to the brain, which can lead to cognitive impairments.

The study underscores the necessity of a holistic approach to patient care that integrates heart health management throughout an individual’s life. Emphasizing prevention over cure, Dr. Testai calls for more research to solidify the understanding of how cardiovascular care can enhance brain health and how various factors such as gender, race, and ethnicity may influence the relationship between cardiovascular and brain health. The push towards early intervention and promoting heart health through resources encouraging healthy lifestyles is crucial to reducing the risk of cognitive impairment and improving overall quality of life.

More information: Fernando D. Testai et al, Cardiac Contributions to Brain Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, Stroke. DOI: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000476

Journal information: Stroke Provided by American Heart Association

Research Indicates Sweet Tooth May Elevate Risks of Depression, Diabetes, and Stroke

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New research from the University of Surrey has established a link between a predilection for sugary foods and an increased risk of depression, diabetes, and stroke. Published in the Journal of Translational Medicine, this comprehensive study utilised anonymised dietary preferences from 180,000 participants sourced from the UK Biobank. By employing artificial intelligence, researchers were able to classify these individuals into three distinct dietary profiles:

The ‘Health-Conscious’ profile includes individuals favouring fruits and vegetables over animal products and sugary treats. The ‘Omnivore’ profile describes those with a diverse palate, including meats, fish, some vegetables, sweets, and desserts. Lastly, the ‘Sweet Tooth’ profile is characterised by a preference for sugary foods and beverages, with less interest in healthier alternatives like fruits and vegetables.

The Surrey research team further analysed the UK Biobank data, focusing on blood samples tested for 2,923 proteins and 168 metabolites. Proteins play a crucial role in the body, aiding in everything from infection defence to muscle function and cognitive processes. Metabolites, however, are small molecules that arise during digestion and other metabolic processes, providing insights into the body’s functional state. The researchers could discern significant biological differences by examining the variations in these proteins and metabolites across the groups.

Professor Nophar Geifman, the study’s senior author and a Professor of Health and Biomedical Informatics at the University of Surrey, commented on the findings, stating that one’s dietary preferences could be directly connected to one’s health outcomes. He highlighted that those with a strong inclination towards sugary foods — identified as the ‘Sweet Tooth’ group — were found to be 31% more likely to suffer from depression. This group also displayed elevated rates of diabetes and vascular heart issues in comparison to their counterparts.

Professor Geifman emphasised the significance of employing data-driven AI techniques to identify and categorise individuals based on their dietary habits, noting that these categories correlate meaningfully with health outcomes and biological markers. He pointed out the detrimental role processed sugars often play in modern diets, advocating for a societal shift towards more mindful eating habits while clarifying that the intent is not to dictate dietary choices but to provide information.

The study also examined the three groups via standard blood biochemistry tests. It was found that the ‘Sweet Tooth’ group had increased levels of C-reactive protein, a marker for inflammation, higher glucose levels and poor lipid profiles, indicative of heightened risks for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, the ‘Health-Conscious’ group reported higher dietary fibre intake and reduced risks for heart failure, chronic kidney diseases, and stroke. The ‘Omnivore’ group presented with moderate health risks.

These findings are further contextualised by data from the British Nutrition Foundation, which indicates that between 9% and 12.5% of caloric intake in the UK derives from free sugars —sugars added to foods or beverages. Notably, biscuits, buns, cakes, pastries, and fruit pies are significant sources of free sugars for adults. At the same time, sugary soft drinks and alcoholic beverages also contribute significantly to the overall intake of free sugars.

More information: Hana F. Navratilova et al, Artificial intelligence driven definition of food preference endotypes in UK Biobank volunteers is associated with distinctive health outcomes and blood based metabolomic and proteomic profiles, Journal of Translational Medicine. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05663-0

Journal information: Journal of Translational Medicine Provided by University of Surrey

Chronic Pain from Alcohol Withdrawal May Be Permanent for Heavy Drinkers

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Increased sensitivity to typically non-painful stimuli, known as “allodynia,” ranks among the principal physical manifestations of alcohol withdrawal. Allodynia reflects a heightened response to mechanical stimuli, signalling chronic pain. A recent study conducted by scientists at Scripps Research and published in Pharmacological Research on October 11, 2024, delves into how the severity and persistence of this sensitivity correlate directly with the quantity of alcohol consumed over time. According to their findings, in animal models where alcohol consumption was moderate, the hypersensitivity to pain reverted to normal levels within approximately a week of cessation. However, in models simulating heavy alcohol intake, this sensitivity extended beyond the cessation period, indicating a potentially permanent change.

The research highlights that the protracted pain associated with withdrawal in heavy drinkers is linked to alterations in endocannabinoids, which are vital chemical messengers in the nervous system. The study pinpoints a specific endocannabinoid that could be a promising target for developing treatments aimed at mitigating allodynia in individuals suffering from alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Marisa Roberto, PhD, the study’s senior author and a professor in the Department of Neuroscience at Scripps Research, articulates that while temporary changes in mechanical sensitivity induced by long-term alcohol intake can be reversed in cases of moderate drinking by halting consumption, the alterations observed in heavy drinkers are likely irreversible without pharmacological intervention. The study proposes that modulating the metabolism of the endocannabinoid 2-AG could offer a new avenue for treating neuropathic pain, which is frequently exacerbated by chronic and excessive alcohol consumption.

AUD affects nearly 29 million individuals in the U.S. and significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is particularly associated with neuropathic pain that often intensifies during withdrawal phases. This type of pain is more prevalent among women, both under the influence of alcohol and during withdrawal phases. Yet, the underlying mechanisms driving the increase in sensitivity due to alcohol and its withdrawal remain largely unexplored.

The researchers utilised two rat models to study the effects of alcohol consumption and subsequent withdrawal on allodynia. One model simulated a higher preference for alcohol, indicative of heavy drinking, while the other represented moderate drinking levels. After 5 weeks of alcohol consumption followed by 26 days of abstinence, it was observed that, before alcohol exposure, rats in the heavy-drinking model exhibited a baseline increased sensitivity, which did not further escalate with alcohol consumption. In contrast, the moderate-drinking rats showed a spike in sensitivity levels during alcohol intake. However, upon withdrawal, allodynia was evident in both groups, albeit the moderate drinkers saw a return to normal sensitivity levels after several days, with a noted delay in female rats.

Significantly, the time frame of observed allodynia in the heavy-drinking rats did not show signs of subsidence even after an extended period of abstinence, which, when extrapolated to human timelines, equates to about 30 months. This suggests a potentially permanent condition necessitating urgent pharmacological treatment, as indicated by Vittoria Borgonetti, PhD, co-first author of the study. Nonetheless, she advises that further testing is required to validate these findings in human contexts.

Further investigations into the dorsal root ganglia of the rats revealed that alcohol withdrawal led to diminished levels of 2-AG in the heavy-drinking models, with these reduced levels correlating directly with the observed allodynia. This discovery earmarks 2-AG metabolism as a potential therapeutic target. Additionally, altered levels of eicosanoids, immune signalling molecules, were noted in the female rats, underscoring significant sex differences in the impacts of AUD and chronic pain, a gap in knowledge that the research team intends to address in future studies.

Looking ahead, the team plans to explore whether restoring physiological levels of 2-AG at the onset of withdrawal through pharmacological modulators could prevent or alleviate mechanical allodynia triggered by alcohol consumption. They also aim to assess how treatments might affect males and females differently, tailoring therapeutic approaches to individual needs.

More information: Vittoria Borgonetti et al, Excessive alcohol intake produces persistent mechanical allodynia and dysregulates the endocannabinoid system in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia of genetically-selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats, Pharmacological Research. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107462

Journal information: Pharmacological Research Provided by Scripps Research Institute

Hoarding Disorder: Promising Results from ‘Sensory CBT’ Treatment Approach

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Imagery rescripting, a technique commonly used in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), is showing promising results as a potential treatment strategy for individuals with hoarding disorder, according to a recent study conducted by psychology researchers at the University of New South Wales (UNSW). This technique involves rehearsing alternative outcomes of discarding items through the power of imagination, suggesting a new avenue for addressing the complex challenges those hoarders face.

Hoarding disorder is a condition that significantly impairs individuals’ ability to function and tends to worsen with age. Those affected by this disorder often develop deep emotional attachments to their possessions, leading to excessive accumulation of items and severe difficulty in discarding anything, regardless of its actual value. This behavioural pattern can result in considerable clutter encroaching upon the livable space within their homes, often preventing normal home activities and posing serious health and safety risks. The disorder can isolate individuals, exacerbate stress, and deter them from seeking treatment due to stigma and a lack of effective interventions.

The research team, led by Mr Isaac Sabel from the Grisham Research Lab at UNSW, an experimental clinical psychology group, has explored the benefits of imagery rescripting in treating hoarding disorder. This method engages individuals in altering the anticipated adverse outcomes associated with discarding items by substituting them with positive or neutral alternatives. By doing so, it addresses the intrusive and distressing mental images that frequently occur in those with hoarding disorder, which can hinder their ability to part with items.

The study encompassed 176 participants who exhibited strong hoarding tendencies. They participated in an online intervention that involved selecting an item they had struggled to discard. Participants were asked to write down their feared outcomes if they were to discard the item and then engage in an exercise to rescript these outcomes based on one of four different therapeutic approaches: imagery rescripting, cognitive restructuring, imaginal exposure, and a control condition focusing on positive imagery. Following these interventions, the participants were encouraged to attempt to discard the item.

The findings revealed that those who engaged in imagery rescripting reported increased happiness, motivation, and a greater likelihood of discarding the item than those who underwent other interventions. This technique also proved more effective in reducing negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, and anger while enhancing feelings of relaxation and happiness around the act of discarding. Furthermore, the study indicated that the effectiveness of imagery rescripting might be influenced by an individual’s ability to visualise vividly; participants who could more clearly imagine various scenarios tended to find discarding less challenging.

These promising results have been further validated in a second study led by UNSW researchers. This study compared imagery rescripting with thought listing, another previously found effective in facilitating the discarding process. Preliminary findings suggest that imagery rescripting not only outperformed thought listing in improving motivation and positivity around discarding but also showed potential for broader application in treating hoarding disorder.

Hoarding disorder affects approximately 2.5% of the working-age population in Australia, equating to around 715,000 individuals. The condition is often linked to significant psychological distress and social impairments comparable to those experienced by individuals living with schizophrenia. It can lead to unsanitary living conditions, increased risk of accidents, and substantial social and financial costs to restore homes to a safe, liveable state.

The study conducted by UNSW highlights the potential of imagery rescripting not only as a treatment for reducing the distress associated with discarding but also as a means of addressing the deeper psychological issues that fuel hoarding behaviour. By focusing on sensory-rich details to create immersive and emotionally evocative experiences, this technique offers a novel therapeutic avenue that could be particularly beneficial in early interventions and for individuals in remote areas where access to traditional therapy is limited.

More information: Isaac Sabel et al, Imagining Letting Go: a Preliminary Test of Written Imagery Rescripting to Facilitate Discarding in a High Hoarding Sample, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. DOI: 10.1007/s10862-024-10171-y

Journal information: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Provided by University of New South Wales

A Study on the Positive Impact of Fermented Black Garlic Extract in Treating Prostate Cancer

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Researchers at the University of Cordoba and the Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute (IMIBIC) are exploring the potential benefits of fermented black garlic extract as a protective agent against inflammation and prostate cancer progression. This investigation utilises human prostate cancer cell models in a laboratory setting.

In Spain, prostate cancer ranks as the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths among men. The disease can evolve from benign prostatic hyperplasia to localised prostate cancer and eventually to metastatic castration-resistant cancer—a stage for which treatment options are severely limited.

The OncObesity and Metabolism group, comprised of researchers from the University of Córdoba and IMIBIC, conducted the study. This team focuses on the antitumour properties of natural compounds that could be integrated into diets to combat various cancer types.

Recent research undertaken by Raúl M. Luque, María Loreta Libero, and Antonio J. Montero centred on the effects of fermented black garlic extract on prostate cancer cells. Building on previous findings from mouse experiments, which highlighted the extract’s anti-inflammatory properties and acknowledged the significant role of inflammation in prostate cancer development, the team assessed its impacts on cellular disease models.

Antonio Montero reported that the team tested the extract on different prostate cancer cell models, discovering its ability to diminish several indicators of tumour aggressiveness, such as cell proliferation while sparing normal prostate cells. This finding suggests that the compound could be a dietary supplement without adverse effects on healthy cells.

The team’s principal investigator, Raúl Luque, elaborated on the anticancer capabilities of the compound. He noted that following the demonstration of these effects, the research aimed to identify which molecular pathways were influenced by the compound. It was found that the extract altered key cancer-related signalling pathways, particularly those associated with inflammation. Montero explained that the treatment lessened the inflammatory milieu typically observed in this form of cancer, with increased efficacy in pro-inflammatory conditions. This reduction in local inflammation might contribute to the decreased aggressiveness of the cancer observed following treatment with the extract.

Luque suggested that the findings indicate the compound’s potential as an effective option to mitigate some of the complications faced by patients advancing towards more severe and aggressive stages of prostate cancer.

The next phase of research would involve a pilot study with individuals who have a familial history of prostate cancer or a clinical trial with existing patients to assess further whether the progression of the disease can be slowed or halted by this compound.

More information: Maria Loreta Libero et al, The Protective Effects of an Aged Black Garlic Water Extract on the Prostate, Nutrients. DOI: 10.3390/nu16173025

Journal information: Nutrients Provided by University of Córdoba

Intestinal Hormones May Be Crucial in Combating Fatty Liver Disease

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The global rise in fatty liver disease, primarily fuelled by high-fat diets and obesity, presents a significant and growing health challenge. Characterised by the excessive storage of fats in the liver, this condition increases the risk of various metabolic disorders and underscores the complex interplay between diet and liver health. Although traditional research has predominantly focused on understanding fat metabolism directly within the liver, recent studies have begun to highlight the pivotal influence of the gut in this multifaceted process. Among the key players in this interaction are proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs) such as glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2. These hormones, all derived from the proglucagon molecule, have been shown in previous studies to influence lipid accumulation in the liver indirectly. However, how they contribute to liver fat accumulation remains largely unclear.

In a groundbreaking study led by Associate Professor Yusuke Seino of Fujita Health University, published on 14 July 2024 in the journal Nutrients, new light has been shed on the role of PGDPs in regulating fat absorption and subsequent liver fat buildup. The research team, including Mr Koki Nishida, Mr Atsushi Suzuki, and Mr Yoshiki Hirooka from Fujita Health University, as well as Mr Yoshikata Hayashi from Nagoya University, employed genetically modified mice lacking PGDPs (GCGKO mice) to explore their response to a high-fat diet over seven days, aiming to uncover new preventative strategies for fatty liver.

The findings were revealing. “When both GCGKO mice and control mice were subjected to a high-fat diet for one week, the GCGKO mice demonstrated a significantly lower increase in hepatic free fatty acid and triglyceride levels, as well as reduced adipose tissue weight,” explained Dr Seino. This reduction in lipid accumulation was linked to decreased lipid absorption through the CD36 pathway in the intestinal tract despite the mice’s reduced liver fat-burning (β-oxidation) capacity.

Furthermore, the research identified a decrease in the expression levels of genes associated with free fatty acid oxidation in the high-fat diet-fed GCGKO mice. Notably, the duodenum’s mRNA levels of Pparα (peroxisome proliferator receptor alpha) and Cd36 (cluster of differentiation 36) were lowered, correlating with diminished fat uptake in the intestines and increased faecal cholesterol content. This indicates that the absence of PGDPs prevents diet-induced fatty liver primarily by reducing intestinal fat absorption.

Interestingly, the study also pointed to lower plasma triglyceride levels during the oral fat tolerance test in HFD-fed GCGKO mice, further substantiating the reduced lipid absorption. Moreover, the research underscored a complex relationship between diet, hormonal responses, and intestinal microbiota. Notable shifts in gut bacteria were observed in HFD-fed GCGKO mice, with increases in Parabacteroides and decreases in Lactobacillus, which are associated with resistance to obesity. These microbial changes highlight the potential of dietary and hormonal interventions to enhance gut health and metabolic functions.

Expanding on the implications of their findings, Dr Seino suggested, “A more detailed examination of how PGDPs specifically regulate lipid absorption in the gut could clarify the relationship between diet, hormones, and intestinal bacteria to a degree that allows us to recommend a diet that is less conducive to obesity and fatty liver disease.” Looking to the future, he added, “Oral dual antagonists of GLP-2 and glucagon could potentially become effective therapies for obesity and fatty liver, particularly due to their roles in insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism.”

In conclusion, these findings open the door to the development of targeted therapies designed to tackle this prevalent health issue, potentially improving the health outcomes for millions of individuals globally affected by fatty liver disease. This study enhances our understanding of the biochemical pathways involved and sets the stage for innovative treatments that could revolutionise the management of fatty liver disease.

More information: Koki Nishida et al, Impaired Fat Absorption from Intestinal Tract in High-Fat Diet Fed Male Mice Deficient in Proglucagon-Derived Peptides, Nutrients. DOI: 10.3390/nu16142270

Journal information: Nutrients Provided by Fujita Health University

Community-Led Research Reveals New Insights into Dementia Risk Factors and Cognitive Health

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According to recent research from Trinity College Dublin, how a person evaluates their memory may be more closely associated with dementia risk factors than their results on standard cognitive tests. Conducted by the neuroscientists at Trinity’s School of Psychology, the study collected data from 3,327 individuals using a smartphone application. It aimed to examine the connection between well-known dementia risk factors, such as hypertension and loneliness, and their impact on cognitive abilities.

For the first time, the research highlighted that individuals’ subjective perceptions of their memory issues were more closely related to modifiable risk factors for dementia than their scores on objective, standardised tests designed to measure cognitive impairments. This finding enhances our comprehension of the early changes in brain health occurring in otherwise healthy adults and underscores the significance of subjective cognitive assessments in this group.

Traditionally, cognitive abilities are evaluated through standardised tests, but this study also incorporated assessments based purely on participants’ self-reported memory issues. Published in the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Association, the study utilises data from volunteers who engaged with a set of gamified cognitive tests and questionnaires via the smartphone app Neureka. Developed by Trinity’s neuroscientists, this free app aims to deepen our understanding of mental disorders by analysing extensive data from its 26,000 users.

The study’s lead, Anna M Rosická, a PhD candidate at the School of Psychology at Trinity, explained that the connection between dementia and various aspects of our lifestyle, health, and environment is extensively researched to identify modifiable factors to prevent or delay the onset of dementia. The findings suggest that subjective memory impairments are more significantly connected to various risk factors, including depression, low socio-economic status, hearing impairments, loneliness, and smoking history. This indicates a potentially higher value of subjective cognitive assessments in otherwise healthy adults, as individuals might recognise early cognitive impairments before they can be detected through objective measures.

One limitation of the study is that the data was gathered simultaneously rather than assessing changes over a more extended period. Consequently, the researchers recommend a longitudinal analysis to rule out other potential explanations for their findings.

Despite this limitation, the study demonstrates the significant potential of remote, self-administered smartphone assessments in identifying the earliest stages of cognitive decline and factors associated with dementia risk. This approach is particularly advantageous in regions where access to conventional in-person assessments is restricted, such as low—and middle-income countries, as noted by Associate Professor Claire Gillan, who supervised the research. This method broadens the scope of cognitive health assessments and offers a valuable tool in the global fight against dementia.

More information: Anna Marie Rosická et al, Modifiable dementia risk factors associated with objective and subjective cognition, Alzheimer’s & Dementia. DOI: 10.1002/alz.13885

Journal information: Alzheimer’s & Dementia Provided by Trinity College Dublin

Exploring the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Ageing

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Ageing is an inevitable, intricate process that affects all living organisms, marked by various genetic hallmarks such as telomere shortening, genomic instability, and epigenetic alterations. Physical, biochemical, and metabolic transformations occur within the human body as time progresses. Among the myriad factors influencing ageing, the gut microbiome (GM)—a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms in our gastrointestinal tract—plays a crucial yet often overlooked role. This review delves into the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and ageing, underscoring the microbiota-dependent mechanisms that govern ageing processes, and evaluates various interventions to foster healthy ageing by modulating the microbiome.

The dynamics of the gut microbiome are ever-changing from the moment of birth through to old age. The nature of one’s birth, whether through cesarean section or natural delivery, along with early dietary habits such as breastfeeding or formula feeding, plays a significant role in shaping the initial microbial landscape. In infancy, the microbiome showcases less diversity, with distinct differences observed between breastfed babies, who tend to have a microbiome dominated by Bifidobacterium, and those formula-fed, typically showing higher levels of Bacteroides. A well-established “core microbiome” emerges as individuals reach adulthood, pivotal in immune and metabolic regulation. The onset of puberty introduces further changes, particularly sex-related variations influenced primarily by hormonal shifts. For older adults, a notable decline in microbial diversity occurs, with an increase in microbes associated with frailty, such as Christensenellaceae, and a decrease in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers, which are vital for combating age-related conditions like sarcopenia and osteoporosis.

The interplay between the gut microbiome and ageing-related disorders is profound. Age-associated alterations in the gut microbiome are closely linked with various neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Dysbiosis, a term for microbial imbalance, has been implicated in ‘inflammageing’—a persistent, low-grade inflammation that accelerates the ageing process and is associated with numerous conditions such as AD, PD, cardiovascular diseases, and Type 2 diabetes. A reduction in beneficial SCFA-producing bacteria and an increase in gut permeability exacerbate inflammatory responses, hastening the progression of these diseases.

Furthermore, the gut microbiome shapes the immune system throughout an individual’s life. Immunosenescence, the gradual deterioration of the immune system associated with age, is intricately linked to changes in the gut microbiome. A decrease in microbial diversity impairs the immune system’s capability to combat infections, posing a significant challenge in elderly populations. Research suggests that maintaining a balanced microbial environment could delay immunosenescence and bolster immune responses, thus diminishing susceptibility to infections and chronic age-related ailments.

The metabolic implications of the gut microbiome are equally significant. The microbiome influences the production of various metabolites, including SCFAs, polyamines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), affecting metabolic pathways and the ageing process. SCFAs, such as butyrate, are particularly beneficial; they help prevent age-related physiological decline by enhancing the integrity of the intestinal barrier, modulating immune responses, and preventing cellular senescence. However, dysbiosis can disrupt these beneficial processes, contributing to the onset of metabolic disorders like obesity and insulin resistance.

Promising interventions for promoting healthy ageing include microbiome modulation through dietary means, such as the intake of prebiotics and probiotics. Probiotic strains like Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have been associated with improved immune function and reduced inflammation in older adults. Moreover, maintaining physical activity and a balanced diet are pivotal for sustaining a diverse and stable microbiome, essential for longevity and well-being in an ageing population.

In conclusion, the gut microbiome occupies a central position in the biology of human ageing, influencing a wide array of physiological functions from metabolism to immune health. By strategically modifying the gut microbiome through lifestyle changes and targeted interventions, we can potentially decelerate the ageing process, mitigate the risk of age-related diseases, and enhance overall healthy ageing.

More information: Rashmi Ira et al, Understanding Aging through the Lense of Gut Microbiome, Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine. DOI: 10.14218/ERHM.2024.00008

Journal information: Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine Provided by Xia & He Publishing Inc.

Shattering the Cycle of Intergenerational Violence

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Recent research reveals the link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as physical or emotional abuse, and the increased likelihood of individuals perpetrating abuse against older generations. While it is commonly understood that generational trauma transmits from parents to their children, this study highlights that the impact can also reverberate upwards, affecting the parent’s generation. The survey conducted in Japan with a cohort of over 13,000 participants revealed that approximately half reported experiencing one or more ACEs. Among these individuals, 8.5% admitted to engaging in physical or verbal abuse towards people over the age of 65. Crucially, the study identified the perpetrator’s mental and physical health—both of which can be deteriorated by ACEs — as significant contributing factors. This more profound understanding of the roots of intergenerational violence is expected to guide researchers in developing targeted guidelines and support systems to interrupt this destructive cycle.

The proverb “spare the rod, spoil the child” suggests that without physical discipline, a child will become spoiled; however, contemporary studies consistently demonstrate the opposite. Subjecting children to physical punishment, emotional abuse, neglect, or dysfunction within the household has enduring detrimental effects on their mental and physical well-being. These adverse childhood experiences can initiate a self-sustaining cycle of abuse, with the children of those affected by ACEs more likely to endure similar mistreatment.

Although it is recognised that ACEs elevate the risk of violence being passed down through generations, a novel investigation led by researchers from the University of Tokyo reveals that this cycle of violence can also ascend the generational ladder. According to Chie Koga, the project assistant professor at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Tokyo and lead author of the study, individuals with a history of adverse childhood experiences are at a higher risk of perpetrating violence and verbal abuse against older adults. Psychological factors, Koga notes, are the most significant contributors to this behaviour.

The study involved an analysis of responses from 13,318 participants, comprising an almost equal split of men and women between the ages of 20 and 64 in Japan. It was found that participants with a higher number of ACEs were more prone to committing physical or verbal abuse against older adults. The specific ACEs considered included interpersonal loss (such as parental death or divorce), family psychopathy (encompassing parental mental illness and domestic violence), as well as physical and psychological abuse and neglect.

The findings revealed that 8.5% of respondents admitted to abusing older adults. While almost half reported no ACEs, about 36% had one, and approximately 14% had two or more. The likelihood of engaging in elder abuse was more than three times higher for those with one ACE and nearly eight times higher for those with two or more compared to individuals without any ACEs.

Koga hypothesises that certain forms of violence primarily stem from socio-environmental factors and that violence often serves as a last resort for individuals striving to protect their dignity. This perspective challenges the prevailing notion within Japanese society that holds individuals solely responsible for their violent actions, a belief that Koga argues is exacerbated by a significant deficit in research. This study thus represents an important step forward in violence epidemiology.

Other notable factors influencing the propensity for elder abuse among those with ACEs included depression, other mental health issues, and self-assessed health status. Though less significant, factors such as living arrangements, marital status, income, and social activity (measured by whether individuals went out at least once a month) also played a role.

Koga emphasises that the cycle of violence can extend to all vulnerable groups and identifies social and environmental risk factors newly associated with elder abuse. The study reaffirms the importance of preventing violence while noting that not all individuals with ACEs continue to perpetrate violence. Looking forward, Koga expresses a desire to explore factors that might mitigate this cycle of abuse, aiming to offer new avenues for intervention and support.

More information: Chie Koga et al, Intergenerational Chain of Violence, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Elder Abuse Perpetration, JAMA Network Open. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.36150

Journal information: JAMA Network Open Provided by University of Tokyo