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Proper Hydration Connected to Healthy Ageing

Adults maintaining adequate hydration levels exhibit healthier profiles, face a reduced incidence of chronic ailments such as heart and lung disease, and generally enjoy a longer lifespan than those who might not consume enough fluids. This conclusion stems from a study by the National Institutes of Health published in eBioMedicine, which scrutinized health information from 11,255 adults over three decades. The research examined the relationship between serum sodium levels—which rise with decreased fluid consumption—and various health metrics. It was discovered that adults at the upper spectrum of the normal serum sodium range were at a higher risk of developing chronic diseases and showed more pronounced signs of biological ageing than their counterparts with serum sodium levels in the mid-range. Furthermore, those with elevated levels faced an increased likelihood of earlier mortality.

Natalia Dmitrieva, PhD, a principal investigator in this study and a researcher at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), part of the NIH, suggested that staying adequately hydrated might decelerate the ageing process and extend life free from disease. This analysis builds upon findings published in March 2022, which identified a correlation between higher normal ranges of serum sodium and a heightened risk of heart failure. Both insights originate from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, which has been instrumental in understanding heart disease risk factors and influencing clinical protocols for its management and prevention.

For this study, researchers delved into data from five medical check-ups of study participants, initially in their 50s and later between 70 and 90 years old. To ensure a reliable comparison of hydration’s impact on health outcomes, individuals with high baseline serum sodium levels or pre-existing conditions affecting serum sodium, like obesity, were excluded. The study assessed serum sodium’s correlation with biological ageing through 15 health markers, such as blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels, offering insights into the functionality of cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, renal, and immune systems. Adjustments were made for demographic and health-related variables, including age, race, sex, smoking status, and hypertension presence.

Findings indicated that adults within the higher spectrum of normal serum sodium levels (135-146 milliequivalents per litre) exhibited accelerated biological ageing. Indicators pointed to deteriorated metabolic and cardiovascular health, impaired lung function, and increased inflammation. Specifically, serum sodium levels above 142 mEq/L were associated with a 10-15% higher likelihood of advanced biological age compared to levels between 137-142 mEq/L, and levels above 144 mEq/L corresponded with a 50% increase. Additionally, serum sodium levels ranging from 144.5 to 146 mEq/L were linked with a 21% heightened risk of premature death relative to the 137-142 mEq/L range.

Moreover, individuals with serum sodium levels above 142 mEq/L were found to have up to a 64% greater risk of developing chronic conditions such as heart failure, stroke, atrial fibrillation, peripheral artery disease, chronic lung disease, diabetes, and dementia. On the contrary, those with serum sodium levels between 138-140 mEq/L demonstrated the lowest risk of chronic disease development.

While these findings do not establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship, they underscore the necessity for further research through randomized, controlled trials to ascertain whether optimal hydration can foster healthy ageing, avert disease, and extend lifespan. Nonetheless, the associations observed can guide clinical practices and inform personal health decisions.

Dmitrieva emphasized the importance of evaluating fluid intake for individuals with serum sodium of 142 mEq/L or higher. Increasing fluid intake to meet recommended levels through water, juices, or high-water-content fruits and vegetables is feasible and safe for most. The National Academies of Medicine advises that most women consume about 6-9 cups (1.5-2.2 litres) of fluids daily, while men should aim for 8-12 cups (2-3 litres). Specific individuals may require medical advice due to underlying health conditions. Ensuring adequate fluid intake while considering factors like medication-induced fluid loss is crucial, especially for patients with specific treatment plans, such as those limiting fluid intake for heart failure management.

This research highlights a global concern: approximately half of the world’s population needs to meet daily water intake recommendations, typically starting at 6 cups (1.5 litres). The pervasive issue of inadequate hydration, which leads to increased serum sodium levels, underscores the potential of proper hydration in slowing the ageing process and preventing or delaying the onset of chronic diseases. This study, supported by the Division of Intramural Research at NHLBI and the ARIC study funded by NHLBI, NIH, and the Department of Health and Human Services, contributes significantly to our understanding of hydration’s role in promoting health and longevity.

More information: Dmitrieva NI, Gagarin A, Liu D, et al, Middle-age high normal serum sodium as a risk factor for accelerated biological aging, chronic diseases, and premature mortality, EBioMedicine. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104404

Journal information: EBioMedicine Provided by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

How can we create societies that serve the needs of both the elderly and the youth?

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The advancements in extending the human lifespan are steering nations toward becoming ageing societies, where the demographic of those aged 65 and over is on par with the population aged 15 and below. Experts in ageing caution that such a shift might spark opposition to funding for extending healthy lives. The apprehension lies in the fear that prioritizing older adults could burden societies, fuel age discrimination, and create societal rifts.

The United States National Academy of Medicine has taken a pioneering step to tackle this issue by launching its inaugural Grand Challenge, culminating in the publication of the Global Roadmap for Healthy Longevity in June 2022. This roadmap was crafted by a globally diverse, independent commission by Linda P. Fried, MD, MPH, from Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, and John Eu-Li Wong from the National University of Singapore. A December 2, 2022, commentary in Nature Aging by Dr. Fried, Dr. Wong, and Victor J. Dzau, MD, president of the National Academy of Medicine, deliberates on the roadmap’s insights and propositions.

Dr Fried, also the director of the Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, emphasizes the critical juncture at which society stands: the choice between succumbing to pessimistic views on ageing or embracing a future characterized by healthful longevity, reduced disability, and fewer social hurdles. Given the projection that most countries will be ageing societies by 2050, the window to prepare is rapidly closing.

Dr Wong, a senior advisor at the National University Health System, points out the invaluable nature of a population’s health, highlighting how societies enriched with health are better equipped to tackle crises, including extreme weather events and pandemics. Encouraging the active participation of older individuals in society can leverage the investments made in human capital throughout their lives, thereby unlocking the social and economic potential of older adults in unprecedented ways.

Victor J. Dzau, President of the National Academy of Medicine, notes the global benefits of investing in the health and well-being of older adults. Such investments serve the individuals directly and enrich society by fostering productivity, community contribution, social and economic growth, and personal fulfilment.

The Global Roadmap offers several key insights and recommendations:

1. Longevity, if coupled with health, can turn older adults into unparalleled assets, yielding benefits across all ages—a phenomenon described as the “longevity dividend.”

2. Failing to invest in healthful longevity carries severe consequences, including the grim prospect of future generations ageing in poor health.

3. The roadmap outlines a vision (Vision 2050) for a future where individuals can enjoy long, healthy lives, older populations are valued, and people of all ages engage in meaningful activities, fostering intergenerational well-being and unity.

4. Realizing this vision requires a concerted effort from all societal sectors, led by government initiatives, to transform societal structures and policies.

5. The transition towards healthful longevity necessitates social unity and the creation of environments that cater to user needs.

6. The anticipated returns on this investment are significant, encompassing gains in human, social, and financial capital and improved well-being across generations.

Dr. Fried advocates for government collaboration with the business sector and civil society to cultivate the benefits of healthy longevity. That involves enacting policies and systems that support the employment desires of older adults, enhancing broadband access to bridge the digital divide, and promoting lifelong learning. She emphasizes the unique opportunity to foster a society that enjoys extensive social and economic advantages across all ages, cautioning against the dire consequences of neglecting to address the growing prevalence of ill health and disparities.

More information: L. P. Fried et al, A global roadmap to seize the opportunities of healthy longevity, Nature Aging. DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00332-7

Journal information: Nature Aging Provided by Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

Individuals in their nineties who have a fear of falling participate in less physical activity, as reflected by activity tracker data that averages about 3,000 steps daily

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This study focused on how very old adults, specifically those in their nineties (nonagenarians), move and spend their time actively or inactively. Researchers wanted to understand how much these older adults move and how their movements relate to their own reports of activity, their body measurements, their social and health status, and how they think and remember things.

A small group of 38 people, averaging 91 years old, wore special watches (accelerometers) that tracked their movements for a week. They also answered questions about their health and did some thinking and memory tests over the phone. The researchers used statistical methods to see how the watches’ data matched what the participants reported about their own activity levels and other personal characteristics.

On average, these older adults took about 2,931 steps daily, spent 11 minutes in activities that got their heart rate up (like brisk walking), and mostly sat or lying down for about 13.6 hours daily. The most common pattern was to have short bursts of activity lasting less than 3 minutes and periods of sitting or being inactive lasting between 20 to 60 minutes. Interestingly, whether someone was a man or a woman didn’t make a difference in these patterns.

The researchers found a good match between what the activity watches recorded and what the participants said about their activity levels. According to the watch data, they also noticed that those with less education, those who felt dizzy, and those who were afraid of falling tended to be less active. Specifically, fear of falling was strongly linked to being less active and spending more time sitting or lying down.

In summary, while most people in their nineties didn’t move around much and spent a lot of time sitting, there was a wide range of activity levels among them. The consistency between what the watches measured and what people reported about their activity was high. According to the watch data, factors like education level, experiencing dizziness, and fear of falling significantly affected how active they were.

More information: Sari Aaltonen et al, Accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in nonagenarians: Associations with self-reported physical activity, anthropometric, sociodemographic, health and cognitive characteristics, PLoS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294817

Journal information: PLoS ONE

What causes the decline in spatial memory among some older adults?

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Ageing manifests in various forms, notably through alterations in memory functions. Interestingly, the rate of memory decline isn’t uniform across all older individuals, with some experiencing a more rapid deterioration than others.

A team of psychologists from the University of Arizona embarked on a research project to understand the factors behind this variability. Their goal was to explore the circumstances that might cause memory to fade in some elderly individuals. The study paid close attention to factors that change with age and those that do not, affecting memory in both the young and the old.

Central to their findings is the role of the hippocampus, a brain area pivotal for memory and spatial navigation. The research suggests that difficulties some older adults face with learning new places and environments could be traced back to how neural representations are formed in the hippocampus. Li Zheng, the lead author and a research scientist in the Psychology Department, pointed out that these neural patterns might be why specific individuals struggle to recall locations.

Zheng highlighted the significance of these insights, especially for predicting memory decline in the initial stages of dementia. The study, now published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, draws inspiration from a related investigation into rats by Carol Barnes, a distinguished professor with expertise in psychology, neurology, and neuroscience. Barnes’ research focused on “place cells” in the hippocampus, neurons that activate in specific locations, aiding in the mental mapping of spaces. This process, known as “remapping,” was less effective in older rats, indicating diminished spatial memory capabilities.

Building upon Barnes’ work, Zheng’s team experimented with 25 young and 22 older adults, all in good health. Participants engaged in a virtual reality task where they had to memorize the layouts of shops in two simulated towns. As they undertook this spatial memory test, their brain activity was monitored using functional magnetic resonance imaging, specifically looking at the hippocampus.

The findings confirmed that older adults generally showed less distinct neural representations of different environments than younger adults. However, the study also unveiled an age-independent factor influencing memory retention. According to Zheng, certain neurons in the hippocampus are specialized, with some responding to environmental shapes and others to colours or features. These neurons work together to form a complete ecological representation.

If neurons overlap in function, it might lead to inaccurate environmental representations, thereby lowering the fidelity of neural signals, explained Arne Ekstrom, a cognition and neural systems professor at the University of Arizona and a senior author of the study. The cause of these low-fidelity signals remains uncertain, but they are present in individuals with poor memory performance regardless of age.

The research also identified an age-dependent factor affecting memory: the quality of neural signals entering the hippocampus from other brain areas. The study observed that even high-performing older adults showed reduced quality in these incoming signals, which could be linked to changes in the brain’s plasticity as it ages. This decline in signal quality correlates with diminished spatial memory in older individuals.

These insights, particularly regarding the remapping index and signal fidelity, could be crucial in predicting the extent of memory decline in those with dementia. The research team is now looking to further this study through immersive virtual reality experiments, aiming to incorporate more naturalistic navigation cues and enhance our understanding of memory decline mechanisms in ageing populations.

More information: Li Zheng et al, Hippocampal contributions to novel spatial learning are both age-related and age-invariant, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307884120

Journal information: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Provided by University of Arizona

Hopes and fears for the future significantly impact the quality of aging, finds OSU study

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According to recent findings from Oregon State University, believing in your potential to age into a healthy, active individual significantly shapes the likelihood of that becoming a reality. Shelbie Turner, a doctoral candidate at OSU’s College of Public Health and Human Sciences and a co-author of the study, emphasizes the strong correlation between our perceptions of our future selves and the eventual reality of our old age.

Historically, research into ageing has demonstrated that individuals’ self-perceptions at 50 can forecast many health outcomes decades later, including cardiovascular health, memory, balance, the desire to continue living, the frequency of hospital visits, and even death rates.

“Studies have indicated that those who maintain a positive outlook on ageing at 50 tend to outlive their less optimistic counterparts by an average of 7.5 years,” noted Karen Hooker, who also contributed to the study and held the Jo Anne Leonard Petersen Endowed Chair in Gerontology and Family Studies at OSU.

Hooker and Turner’s research delved into what shapes these critical self-perceptions of ageing, focusing on two key elements: the belief in one’s capacity to achieve their desired future self (self-efficacy) and a generally optimistic personality trait.

The study analyzed responses from older adults on their agreement with various statements about ageing and optimism. Additionally, the participants listed two “hoped-for” and two “feared” selves, evaluating their confidence in achieving or avoiding these potential futures.

The “hoped-for” selves often encompassed aspirations like maintaining a vibrant social life and staying physically healthy, while “feared” selves included scenarios such as chronic illness, dependence on others, or becoming irritable and isolated.

The findings confirmed the hypothesis that a higher level of optimism correlates with a more positive self-view of ageing. Moreover, both the efficacy in achieving “hoped-for” selves and avoiding “feared” selves played a significant role in shaping these perceptions, independently of innate optimism.

A critical aspect of how individuals perceive their ageing process is the internalization of ageist stereotypes, which range from beliefs about older adults’ driving capabilities to cognitive and physical limitations. These stereotypes start influencing perceptions as early as childhood and, if unchallenged, may negatively impact individuals’ health behaviours and attitudes towards ageing.

The study suggests combating ageist stereotypes through fostering intergenerational relationships, allowing younger generations to witness the fulfilling lives many older adults lead. This exposure can help dismantle negative stereotypes and encourage a more optimistic view of ageing, highlighting the abilities and contributions of older adults rather than focusing solely on potential declines. By promoting these positive interactions, society can work towards a more nuanced and hopeful perspective on ageing, benefiting individuals across all age groups.

More information: Shelbie G. Turner et al, Are Thoughts About the Future Associated With Perceptions in the Present?: Optimism, Possible Selves, and Self-Perceptions of Aging, The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. DOI: 10.1177/0091415020981883

Journal information: The International Journal of Aging and Human Development Provided by Oregon State University

Interacting with children may enhance the mental wellness of individuals living in retirement homes

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A research project carried out at a retirement facility in South Africa indicates that initiatives facilitating contact between old adults and children could offer significant mental health advantages, potentially aiding in the control of prevalent mental disorders like anxiety and depression. Elizabeth Jane Earl and Debbie Marais from Stellenbosch University in South Africa shared these insights in the open-access publication PLOS ONE on July 5, 2023.

Previous investigations have highlighted that mental health issues frequently go unnoticed and untreated in retirement communities. The conventional approach to addressing these conditions involves various medications and non-drug-based treatments. Some evidence indicates that allowing older adults to engage with children regularly can enhance their mental well-being. Nonetheless, most of this research has been conducted outside retirement settings, with only a limited number of studies focusing on such initiatives within South African establishments.

Earl and Marais undertook a study at a South African retirement home that enables its residents to regularly engage with children attending a preschool located on the premises to explore the potential advantages of cross-generational interactions further. The activities they partake in together include games, puzzles, reading, and singing, all of which align with the Eden Alternative, an eldercare philosophy designed to reduce the factors leading to anxiety and depression.

For their study, the researchers asked residents to fill out a questionnaire assessing their levels of anxiety and depression and to share their experiences interacting with the children. Ten women participated, four of whom showed possible signs of anxiety, depression, or both. All the participants interacted with the preschool children to varying degrees.

The feedback from the residents was overwhelmingly positive. Their responses indicated that spending time with the children fostered a sense of inclusion and purpose, triggered happy memories of their youth, and positively impacted their mood and emotional state. The participants’ initial perceptions of children appeared to affect their personal experiences with the program.

Based on their findings, Earl and Marais suggest that programs encouraging intergenerational interaction could play a role in managing mental health issues among older adults in retirement homes. They recommend adopting such programs and advocating for more comprehensive studies to assess their benefits further.

The authors emphasize: “Engaging with children not only fosters a feeling of inclusion and purpose but also prompts nostalgia and has a positive effect on the mental health of older individuals.”

More information: Earl EJ, Marais D (2023), The experience of intergenerational interactions and their influence on the mental health of older people living in residential care, PLoS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287369

Journal information: PLoS ONE

Engage, disconnect, and contribute: guidance for recovery from substance abuse and enhancing mental well-being

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Wellness has become a significant industry, with countless individuals each year pledging to lead lives filled with more happiness and health. Yet, for those grappling with substance use and mental health issues, the notion of wellness often doesn’t figure prominently in their path to recovery.

Margaret Swarbrick, a distinguished professor and associate director at the Rutgers Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, is at the forefront of changing this narrative. Her recent work, “Journey to Wellness,” is a 20-page, easy-to-navigate guide developed collaboratively with individuals in recovery to integrate wellness into their journey.

Swarbrick points out a critical gap in current recovery approaches: the lack of involvement of those with mental health and substance use conditions in creating the very tools and interventions meant to aid their recovery. “Journey to Wellness” directly addresses this gap, offering a more personalized and engaging recovery tool.

Contrary to many recovery programs’ structured, step-by-step nature, Swarbrick’s guide aims to be more accessible and tailored to the individual. She criticizes the conventional resources available to those in recovery as needing to be more exciting and offering impractical advice, often penned by individuals without personal recovery experiences. This critique underscores the unique value of “Journey to Wellness,” which draws upon the real-life experiences of those it aims to help, focusing on what has genuinely assisted them in their recovery efforts.

The guide is structured into four main sections, emphasizing proactive steps towards recovery. It highlights the importance of daily human connection as a cornerstone of wellness, encouraging engagement with supportive individuals. It also advises taking brief moments to disconnect from daily stressors, including technology, to foster relaxation. Additionally, it underscores the significance of sleep and doing good deeds for oneself and others as essential wellness strategies.

Although these strategies may seem straightforward, Swarbrick notes that individuals in recovery often overlook such self-healing tactics. The “Journey to Wellness” development involved a co-production strategy, ensuring that those with lived experiences of mental health and substance use issues had a say in all aspects of its creation. This approach is rooted in Swarbrick’s Wellness Model, a framework she has refined for years.

Since its publication, “Journey to Wellness” has been downloaded by thousands, with its potential reach being much more significant. Swarbrick highlights the pressing need for wellness strategies, especially in the wake of increased stress and substance use exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and its ripple effects. In 2020, over 40 million Americans were reported to have a substance use disorder, and approximately 53 million adults were identified as having a mental illness, as per the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Swarbrick concludes that while there is no one-size-fits-all solution to wellness, there are actionable steps everyone can take daily to tailor their self-care practices, underscoring the guide’s importance in empowering individuals in their recovery journey.

More information: Swarbrick, M., DiGioia-Laird, V., Estes, A., Kavalkovich, S., Nemec, P., Pelland, J., Stewart, B., Treitler, P., Baldomero, J. (2022, February). Journey to Wellness. Piscataway, New Jersey: Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University.

https://alcoholstudies.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/WinR_Self-Care_Guide_05.12.22.pdf

Study finds that the risk for dementia varies by ethnicity

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A recent study published in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Naaheed Mukadam and colleagues from University College London, UK, reveals that certain modifiable risk factors, including hypertension, obesity, diabetes, low HDL cholesterol, and sleep disorders, pose a greater dementia risk for individuals in certain minority ethnic groups compared to those of White ethnicity.

As the global population of individuals with dementia increases, the focus on modifiable risk factors has intensified, suggesting that addressing these could prevent approximately 40% of dementia cases. Despite this, previous research predominantly focused on European populations. The current study diversifies this research by examining the link between dementia risk and these factors across different ethnic groups, utilizing anonymized data from English primary care records from 1997 to 2018, covering 865,674 adults from various ethnic backgrounds.

The findings indicate that 12.6% of the studied population developed dementia, with varying percentages across ethnicities: 16.0% among White individuals, 8.6% in South Asian, 12.1% in Black, and 9.7% in individuals from other ethnic groups. The analysis showed that nearly all the studied risk factors were linked to an increased risk of dementia, with these factors often posing a more significant threat in Black and South Asian populations, especially regarding cardiovascular risks. When factors such as comorbidity, age, sex, and deprivation were considered, hypertension was found to significantly increase the risk of dementia in Black individuals compared to White individuals, with similar findings for hypertension, obesity, diabetes, low HDL, and sleep disorders in South Asian populations. The impact of hypertension on dementia risk was 1.57 times greater in South Asian individuals and 1.18 times greater in Black individuals compared to White individuals.

These outcomes could help explain why minority ethnic groups may exhibit greater susceptibility to dementia, experience an earlier onset, and have shorter survival times following diagnosis. The study emphasizes the need for dementia prevention efforts to specifically address the unique risk profiles of individuals from minority ethnic groups to ensure equitable prevention strategies.

The researchers underscore the importance of tailored dementia prevention measures, recognizing that some risk factors not only occur more frequently in minority ethnic groups but also have a more significant impact compared to the White population. That all calls for a customized approach to dementia prevention that considers ethnicity and specific risk factor profiles to achieve fairness in dementia prevention efforts.

More information: Mukadam N, Marston L, Lewis G, Mathur R, Lowther E, Rait G, et al. (2023) South Asian, Black and White ethnicity and the effect of potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia: A study in English electronic health records. PLoS ONE 18(10): e0289893. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289893

Journal information: PLoS ONE

Vegetables and fruits have been identified as the source for the development of new anti-cancer compounds

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A collaborative team of researchers from Russia, China, and India has unveiled how specific components found in fruits and vegetables can inhibit tumour growth, halt the development of cancerous cells, and impede the division of these cells. The team isolated 30 specific compounds from various vegetables and fruits to achieve these insights and embarked on an extensive experimental journey. Utilizing computer simulations, they meticulously analyzed how certain groups of these substances interact with cellular proteins. The findings, detailing the nature of these compounds and the outcomes of their studies, were published in the esteemed journal Scientific Reports.

Grigory Zyryanov, a prominent figure at Ural Federal University and a Russian Academy of Sciences professor, highlighted the importance of understanding how these dietary compounds impact cell proteins for cancer prevention and treatment. Through molecular modelling, the team observed the binding processes of these substances to proteins, which paved the way to identifying therapeutic targets for future drug development. These targets include proteins that either prevent or promote cell death (apoptosis), protein kinases, and, notably, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase – a critical enzyme implicated in cancer mutations and gene amplification.

The research spotlighted nine dietary substances, including silibinin, flavopiridol, oleandrin, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, alpha and beta-boswellic acids, triterpenoid, and guggulsterone, for their significant anti-cancer capabilities across various cancer types. These substances and the enzymes they affect are predominantly found in non-starchy vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, spinach, kale, cauliflower, carrots, lettuce, cucumber, tomato, leek, rutabaga, and turnip. The study also underscores the role of natural compounds, such as alkaloids and flavonoids, in cancer prevention and treatment.

The team explained that combating specific cancer types might require unique natural substances or synergistic combinations. For instance, resveratrol and pterostilbene effectively target breast cancer metastases, while indole-3-carbinol offers broad antitumor activity and protective effects against several cancers, including breast, colon, and cervical cancers.

Zyryanov also reflected on the traditional beliefs in India and China regarding the medicinal potential of natural substances, which formed the basis for their hypothesis that the selected foods possessed anti-cancer properties. Their research confirmed this hypothesis, demonstrating that certain food compound combinations can effectively disrupt the progression of cancer cells.

This groundbreaking study has identified several promising compounds for future research, laying the groundwork for developing new, more effective drugs designed to target cancer cells with minimal side effects precisely.

Zyryanov shared that this research is part of a years-long endeavour with colleagues from China and India, producing significant findings. The collaboration between their institutions continues to yield positive outcomes, with plans for more comprehensive studies that will explore the properties of additional dietary compounds.

The research team comprised chemists from Ural Federal University, the Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Shantou University Medical College in China, and Sri Venkateswara University in India, highlighting a remarkable international collaboration in the fight against cancer.

More information: Baki Vijaya Bhaskar et al, Molecular insight into isoform specific inhibition of PI3K-α and PKC-η with dietary agents through an ensemble pharmacophore and docking studies, Scientific Reports. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90287-3

Journal information: Scientific Reports Provided by Ural Federal University

Engaging in regular exercise alleviates cognitive decline associated with obesity

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Obesity stands as a significant contributor to the onset of cardiovascular, metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative conditions, including dementia. Engaging in regular physical activity has been shown to bolster memory and spatial awareness, mitigate the cognitive impairments associated with ageing, and preserve brain size, though the underlying biological processes remain partially elusive.

A recent investigation conducted by the Febbraio laboratory at Monash University has unveiled that voluntary exercise training (VET) markedly enhances long-term memory in mice made obese through a high-fat diet (HFD). This improvement is accompanied by a surge in hippocampal neurogenesis and a rise in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels within the hippocampus, coupled with a reduction in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF. These findings underscore the potential of consistent physical activity to counteract the cognitive deterioration triggered by obesity. Notably, the study highlighted that VET specifically increased Bdnf mRNA expression in the hippocampus of obese mice, though it did not significantly alter BDNF protein concentrations in the hippocampus and bloodstream. It aligns with earlier studies indicating that BDNF expression spikes in the hippocampus are ephemeral and occur within a narrow timeframe. The observed decrease in TNF expression post-exercise intimates that physical activity might initiate a slight inflammatory response in the brain, which, in turn, plays a part in enhancing memory in mice.

This research underscores the pivotal function of exercise training in safeguarding against cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases precipitated by obesity, highlighting the intricate interplay between physical activity, brain health, and inflammation.

More information: Oliver K Fuller et al, Exercise training improves long-term memory in obese mice, Life Metabolism. DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load043

Journal information: Life Metabolism Provided by Higher Education Press

A diet primarily composed of vegetables or vegetarian choices is associated with a 39% decreased chance of contracting COVID-19

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The study’s findings lead the researchers to propose that adopting a diet rich in vegetables, legumes, and nuts while minimizing the intake of dairy products and meat could potentially play a role in preventing COVID-19 infection. This suggestion is rooted in a growing body of research that indicates diet may significantly influence the progression of COVID-19 infection and the severity of its related complications.

To explore the possible effects of dietary habits on the risk and outcome of COVID-19, the researchers embarked on a study involving 702 adults. These volunteers were recruited between March and July 2022 and were assessed for their dietary patterns, frequency of consumption of various food groups, lifestyle choices, and medical histories, including COVID-19 vaccination status. The study categorized the participants into two primary dietary groups: omnivorous (424 participants) and predominantly plant-based (278 participants).

Within the plant-based category, participants were classified as flexitarians/semi-vegetarians, who consumed meat no more than three times a week (87 participants), and vegetarians or vegans (191 participants). Individuals adhering to plant-based or vegetarian diets typically consume higher amounts of vegetables, legumes, and nuts and lower to no dairy and meat products.

The demographic analysis revealed no significant differences in sex, age, or vaccination rates between the omnivorous and plant-based groups. However, a notably higher proportion of the plant-based group had attained a postgraduate level of education. Additionally, the omnivorous group reported a greater prevalence of medical conditions and lower levels of physical activity, alongside a significantly higher incidence of overweight and obesity—factors all linked to an increased risk of contracting COVID-19 and experiencing more severe symptoms or complications.

Out of the total participants, 330 (47%) reported having contracted COVID-19, with 224 (32%) experiencing mild symptoms and 106 (15%) facing moderate to severe symptoms. Notably, the incidence of COVID-19 was significantly higher among the omnivores compared to those in the plant-based dietary groups (52% vs. 40%), with a greater tendency towards moderate to severe infection (18% vs. just over 11%).

Despite these findings, no difference was observed in the duration of symptoms between the two groups. However, after adjusting for variables like weight, pre-existing medical conditions, and physical activity levels, researchers found no significant difference in symptom severity. However, individuals following a predominantly plant-based or vegetarian/vegan diet had a 39% lower risk of infection compared to omnivores.

The researchers suggest that plant-based diets, abundant in antioxidants, phytosterols, and polyphenols, may bolster the immune system’s ability to combat viral infections, including COVID-19. These nutrients are known to impact various cells involved in immune function positively and possess antiviral properties.

Although this study is observational and cannot establish causality, its conclusions are significant. The researchers acknowledge the limitations of relying on self-reported data, which is subject to recall bias and subjective assessment errors. Nonetheless, they advocate for adopting plant-based or vegetarian diets as a precautionary measure against COVID-19, in line with other studies’ findings on the impact of dietary patterns on the disease’s incidence.

Shane McAuliffe, Senior Visiting Academic Associate at the NNEdPro Global Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, highlights the importance of this research in adding to the evidence that diet may influence susceptibility to COVID-19 infection. However, McAuliffe also calls for more thorough and high-quality research before drawing definitive conclusions about the relationship between specific dietary patterns and the risk of COVID-19 infection.

More information: Júlio César Acosta-Navarro et al, Vegetarian and plant-based diets associated with lower incidence of COVID-19, BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health. DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000629

Journal information: BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health

Failing to Consume Adequate Amounts of These Six Beneficial Foods Linked to Increased Rates of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality Worldwide

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A comprehensive study orchestrated by McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences researchers at the Population Research Health Institute (PHRI) has uncovered that a deficiency in consuming a specific combination of six essential foods is linked to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults.

Incorporating fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, fish, and whole-fat dairy into one’s diet is crucial for reducing the risk of CVD, including conditions such as heart attacks and strokes. The findings also highlight that a nutritious diet can be accomplished through various means, including moderate amounts of whole grains or unprocessed meats.

While previous research has concentrated mainly on diets in Western countries that mix detrimental, ultra-processed foods with nutrient-rich foods, this study boasts a global perspective, focusing on universally acknowledged healthy foods.

According to the World Health Organization, nearly 18 million individuals succumbed to CVD in 2019, accounting for 32% of all deaths worldwide. A staggering 85% of these deaths were a result of heart attacks and strokes. To arrive at their conclusions, PHRI researchers and their international partners examined data from 245,000 individuals across 80 countries, drawing from various studies. These findings were published in the European Heart Journal on July 6.

The study utilized a dietary score based on PHRI’s ongoing Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study, which was then applied to five independent studies. This approach allowed for assessing health outcomes across different global regions and among individuals with and without previous CVD events.

“Past dietary scores, such as the EAT-Lancet Planetary Diet and the Mediterranean Diet, primarily explored the diet-CVD and mortality link within Western contexts. The PURE Healthy Diet Score, however, encompassed a broad representation of countries across different income levels,” explained Salim Yusuf, the study’s senior author and the principal investigator of PURE.

A notable aspect of the PURE Healthy Diet Score is its exclusive focus on protective or natural foods, setting it apart from other dietary scores that often mix potentially harmful foods (like processed and ultra-processed foods) with protective nutrients and foods.

Andrew Mente, the study’s lead author, PHRI scientist, and assistant professor at McMaster’s Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, pointed out the study’s unique emphasis on increasing the intake of protective foods for disease prevention. He highlighted that moderate consumption of natural foods like fish and whole-fat dairy can lower the risk of CVD and mortality. The same positive health outcomes can be attained with moderate consumption of grains and meats, provided they are unrefined whole grains and unprocessed meats.

The PURE Healthy Diet Score recommends a daily intake of two to three servings each of fruits and vegetables, one of nuts, and two servings of dairy. Additionally, it suggests three to four weekly servings of legumes and two to three weekly servings of fish, with potential substitutions including one daily serving of whole grains and one daily serving of unprocessed red meat or poultry.

This analysis received no specific funding, although each contributing study was independently funded and conducted over 25 years.

More information: Andrew Mente et al, Diet, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 80 countries, European Heart Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad269

Journal information: European Heart Journal Provided by McMaster University