Author Archives: support

Survey reveals that 72% of individuals with eczema experienced symptoms of poor mental health ranging from 1 to 10 days in the previous month

Individuals living with atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema, face a heightened risk of experiencing depression and anxiety. This risk is further exacerbated when they also suffer from additional allergic symptoms. A recent study showcased at the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) Annual Scientific Meeting in Anaheim, California, reveals that out of those affected by AD, 72% encountered symptoms of poor mental health for between 1 to 10 days in the last month. In comparison, 17% experienced these symptoms for over 11 days.

“Allison Loiselle, PhD, the study’s lead author from the National Eczema Association, highlights the lack of awareness among those not afflicted by AD about its severe impact. The condition is not only about the intense itchiness and the discomfort of dry, cracked skin but also about the significant disturbances it causes to sleep and the broader deterioration in quality of life and overall well-being. The unpredictability and chronic nature of AD also contribute to the development of depression and anxiety among sufferers.

Of the 954 participants who participated in the survey, 23% consulted with an allergist as part of their treatment plan for eczema. Specifically, for 124 individuals (96 adults and 28 caregivers), an allergist was the primary care provider for their or their child’s eczema. The majority of respondents classified their current AD severity as mild (36%), and again, 72% reported experiencing poor mental health symptoms for 1 to 10 days in the last month, with 17% reporting such symptoms for more than 11 days. Notably, one-third (35%) of respondents had never discussed their mental health with their allergist, and 57% indicated that their allergist had never inquired about it. However, 45% mentioned that their allergist had referred them to mental health services or resources.

Tamara Hubbard, MA, LCPC, a counsellor specializing in assisting parents of children with allergies and asthma and a member of the ACAAI Public Relations Committee (not involved in the study), emphasizes the severe challenges of living with AD. The constant itching and concern over the impact on one’s appearance can be overwhelming. The repercussions of AD on quality of life are substantial, leading to social withdrawal, emotional and behavioural issues, and severe psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, and thoughts of suicide. Hubbard stresses the importance of open communication between patients and healthcare providers regarding mental health issues and the necessity of being informed about available resources and mental health professionals who can offer assistance. Engaging with an allergist to explore treatments that mitigate the effects of AD, in tandem with support from a mental health professional, can significantly alleviate the emotional and psychological burden of AD.”

More information: A. Loiselle et al, Atopic dermatitis patient experience with discussing and addressing mental health concerns with allergists, Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology. DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.08.278

Journal information: Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology Provided by American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology

A larger daily intake of magnesium helps to prevent dementia

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Scientists at the Neuroimaging and Brain Lab of The Australian National University (ANU) have discovered that increasing the amount of magnesium in our daily diets can enhance brain health as we age. They suggest that by consuming more foods rich in magnesium, such as spinach and nuts, we could significantly lower the risk of developing dementia. This condition ranks as the second leading cause of death in Australia and holds a prominent place as the seventh most common cause of death worldwide.

The study, which involved over 6,000 participants in the United Kingdom who were cognitively healthy and aged between 40 to 73, revealed that individuals consuming over 550 milligrams of magnesium daily had brains that appeared approximately one year younger by the time they were 55, in comparison to those who ingested a standard amount of about 350 milligrams daily.

The research indicates that a 41% increase in magnesium intake could reduce age-related brain shrinkage, which is closely linked to enhanced cognitive function and a decreased or delayed risk of dementia in later life. Khawlah Alateeq, the lead author and a PhD researcher at the ANU National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, emphasized the significant role that a magnesium-rich diet plays in fostering good brain health.

With the expected global increase in dementia diagnoses from 57.4 million in 2019 to 152.8 million by 2050, the strain on healthcare, social services, and the global economy is anticipated to intensify. Dr Erin Walsh, a co-author of the study and also from ANU, highlighted the critical need for prevention, given the lack of a cure for dementia and the unsuccessful development of pharmacological treatments over the past three decades. This research aims to inform the development of public health interventions focusing on dietary strategies to promote healthy brain ageing.

The findings suggest that a higher dietary intake of magnesium from a younger age could protect against neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline by the time individuals reach their 40s. According to Ms Alateeq, neuroprotection offered by increased magnesium intake may start in the 40s or even earlier, underscoring the importance of magnesium intake for people of all ages.

Interestingly, the neuroprotective effects of a diet richer in magnesium seem to benefit women more than men, particularly post-menopausal women, which may be attributed to magnesium’s anti-inflammatory properties.

Participants in the study completed an online questionnaire five times over 16 months, providing data that allowed researchers to calculate their daily magnesium intake based on 200 different foods and various portion sizes. The ANU team specifically focused on magnesium-rich foods like leafy green vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains to estimate the average magnesium intake from the participants’ diets, underscoring the potential for dietary magnesium to play a vital role in preventing age-related cognitive decline.

More information: Khawlah Alateeq et al, Dietary magnesium intake is related to larger brain volumes and lower white matter lesions with notable sex differences, European Journal of Nutrition. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03123-x

Journal information: European Journal of Nutrition Provided by The Australian National University

Supporting Alzheimer’s care providers

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Researchers at the University of Houston’s Andy & Barbara Gessner College of Nursing have developed a systematic methodology for revamping a structured life review intervention for individuals with dementia. This initiative also provides educational resources and teaching strategies for older adults undertaking caregiving roles. Life review, a natural introspective process where individuals reminisce about past events to derive a deeper understanding of themselves, has been identified as a significantly beneficial therapy. Particularly for the over six million Americans grappling with Alzheimer’s disease—the predominant form of dementia—life review has been recognized for its ability to enhance life quality. It has been proven to mitigate depression in older adults and alleviate the stresses and burdens shouldered by caregivers.

Despite their pivotal role, caregivers’ involvement in life review therapy has remained ambiguous until now. As the demands on caregivers intensify, they often experience a series of losses, including social disconnection, diminished empowerment, and psychological adversities. There’s been a lack of focused research on establishing an effective life review intervention that lessens the caregiver’s burden while prolonging the physical and cognitive well-being of those with dementia.

Associate Professor of Nursing Cheryl Brohard highlights in The International Journal of Reminiscence and Life Review the critical vulnerability of caregivers to lose their sense of purpose, the emotional bond with their dementia-afflicted patients, and their sense of accomplishment and satisfaction. Caregivers frequently encounter depression and social isolation due to the challenges of maintaining personal interactions outside of their caregiving responsibilities, putting them at significant risk for elevated stress and caregiver burden.

Brohard, alongside undergraduate student Yolanda Batz, documented the redesign and execution of a tailored structured life review intervention for caregivers working with dementia patients. This initiative includes creating Life Story Books, which have been linked to improved patient mood and reduced caregiver burden. Notably, caregivers, particularly those married to people living with dementia, have found biographical reminiscence work to offer a renewed sense of hope and bolstered interpersonal trust.

The adaptation of this intervention unfolded through five stages: an exhaustive literature review, the development and instruction of a caregiving curriculum, weekly life review and feasibility sessions, culminating in an evaluative phase. This modified approach underscored caregivers’ desire for communal learning opportunities within the training sessions. It demonstrated that minimal external support was necessary for the fidelity sessions caregivers conducted with their recipients over six weeks.

The theoretical foundation of this structured life review, combined with ethical decision-making, sensitivity training, mindfulness, adult learning, and communication techniques, served as the blueprint for the curriculum. This curriculum aimed to equip non-medical professionals with the knowledge and skills to effectively execute a life review.

Founding Dean and Professor and Humana Endowed Dean’s Chair of Nursing at the Gessner College of Nursing, Kathryn Tart, emphasized the profound importance of supporting caregivers and individuals living with dementia within the realms of teaching and nursing care. She highlighted how the research aligns with the American Association of College of Nursing’s domains for nursing competence as outlined in the Essentials: Core Competencies for Professional Nursing Education, steering the direction of supportive care in nursing practice and clinical education.

More information: Cheryl Brohard et al, Adapting the Structured Life Review for People Living With Dementia: Implementation With Unpaid Older Adult Caregivers, The International Journal of Reminiscence and Life Review.

Journal information: The International Journal of Reminiscence and Life Review Provided by University of Houston

Prolonged exposure to air pollution could elevate the likelihood of hospital admissions due to cardiovascular issues in older adults

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The study on the effects of chronic exposure to fine particulate air pollutants (PM2.5) reveals a concerning correlation with an increased risk of cardiovascular hospitalization among older adults, especially those living in socioeconomically deprived neighbourhoods. This research emphasizes the lack of a safe threshold for chronic exposure to PM2.5 concerning heart health. It critically evaluates the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) recently updated standard for the U.S.’s annual average PM2.5 level, suggesting that it needs to effectively reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease and safeguard public health.

Originating from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, MA, the study highlights the significant risk increase for cardiovascular hospitalization due to chronic exposure to PM2.5 among older adults. Yaguang Wei, the study’s lead author and a research associate in the Department of Environmental Health, underlines their findings’ crucial timing and significant implications. The study advocates for the necessity of air pollution control policies that are even more stringent than the current standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency, aligning more closely with the World Health Organization’s stricter guideline of 5 micrograms per cubic meter.

The EPA’s adjustment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards announced on February 7, which reduced the permissible annual average PM2.5 level from 12 micrograms per cubic meter to 9 micrograms per cubic meter, remains above the recommended standard set by the World Health Organization. The study, slated for online publication in The BMJ on February 21, 2024, involved an extensive examination of hospital records and PM2.5 exposure levels for nearly 60 million Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and over from 2000 to 2016. By integrating various air pollution data sources, the researchers were able to develop a predictive map of PM2.5 levels across the contiguous United States and link these levels to the residential ZIP codes of the beneficiaries.

This comprehensive analysis found that a three-year average exposure to PM2.5 significantly increases the risk of the first hospital admission for a range of cardiovascular conditions, notably ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, and arrhythmia. At the current national average PM2.5 level of 7 to 8 μg/m3, the average annual risk of hospitalization for cardiovascular disease in seniors was 3.04%. In contrast, when chronic exposure to PM2.5 met the World Health Organization guideline of below 5 μg/m3, the average annual risk was reduced to 2.59%. It suggests that lowering average yearly PM2.5 levels to below 5 μg/m3 could decrease cardiovascular hospitalizations by 15%.

Despite these potential improvements, the study concludes that there is no safe level of chronic exposure to PM2.5 for cardiovascular health. It further notes that the health risks associated with chronic PM2.5 exposure remain substantial for at least three years and disproportionately affect individuals with lower educational achievements, limited access to healthcare, and those residing in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods.

Joel Schwartz, the senior author and a professor of environmental epidemiology, emphasizes the urgent need for more vigorous efforts to improve air quality. That would help alleviate the burden of cardiovascular disease, which stands as a leading cause of death and a significant contributor to healthcare costs. The findings indicate that the EPA’s newly updated PM2.5 standard does not protect public health, highlighting the need for more stringent air quality standards to safeguard the population’s well-being, particularly the vulnerable older adult demographic.

More information: Yaguang Wei et al, Exposure-response associations between chronic exposure to fine particulate matter and risks of hospital admission for major cardiovascular diseases: population based cohort study, BMJ. DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-076939

Journal information: BMJ Provided by Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

Don’t treat us as fragile infants’: Can programmes of intergenerational mentorship diminish ageism in medicine?

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Ageism presents a significant challenge in healthcare, a concern highlighted by the World Health Organization’s Global Report on Ageism. This report identifies several factors contributing to ageism, including the rise in human life expectancy, the decline in birth rates, and the insufficient investment in addressing health inequities among older adults. These issues underscore the urgency of developing strategies to eradicate ageism, which can adversely affect the standard of patient care and lead to older patients’ dissatisfaction. Initiatives such as Senior Mentor Programs (SMP) have been introduced to counteract ageism and enhance the care provided to older adults by fostering a deeper understanding of their unique requirements, viewpoints, and contributions to society.

A recent study underscores the mutual benefits of intergenerational mentoring programs for young and older individuals. This research, conducted by Emily Ihara, the Department of Social Work’s chair at George Mason University, and Catherine Tompkins, the College of Public Health’s Associate Dean for Faculty and Staff Affairs, emphasizes the significance of reciprocal relationships in combating healthcare ageism. Ihara and Tompkins, co-principal Investigators of Mason’s Geriatrics Workforce Enhancement Program, highlight how such programs can challenge prevailing stereotypes. That is particularly relevant for younger medical students who might have yet to experience interacting with older adults. Engaging with an elderly mentor allows these students to acquire a more nuanced understanding and appreciation of the older population, which is expected to improve healthcare provision for this demographic.

The collaborative research effort between George Mason University and Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) involved analyzing the insights of elderly mentors participating in an SMP with first-year medical students. The study identified three key themes from the mentors’ feedback: generational guidance, volunteerism, and life satisfaction. These themes illustrate the potential of intergenerational mentorship programs to empower older adults to continue supporting the welfare of younger generations through volunteer work, fostering meaningful relationships (thereby enhancing life satisfaction), and exerting a positive influence on younger individuals (via generational guidance). The participants expressed a strong desire to combat health-related biases against older adults.

One of the striking comments from a participant emphasized the need for medical professionals to understand and treat older adults better, challenging the demeaning perception of older adults as merely “wrinkly old babies.” The SMP aimed to facilitate open dialogue between older mentors and medical students, addressing the stigma associated with elderly care. Mentors shared their experiences of being treated poorly or misunderstood within medical settings, highlighting the importance of transmitting their knowledge and experiences to improve care for future patients. A separate academic study documented the students’ reactions to the program.

The findings of this study were published in the “Journal of Intergenerational Relationships” in February 2024 under the title “‘Don’t treat us like fragile babies:’ Mentors’ perspectives of an intergenerational mentoring program for medical students.” The publication includes contributions from various academics and professionals, including Mason undergraduate Vianey Velazquez-Dominguez, Master of Social Work alumni Harveen Pantleay, Kendall Barrett, Madeline Holden, and VCU’s Kimberly Ivey, Leland Waters, and Sarah A. Marrs.

This project received financial support from the Bureau of Health Professions, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under the Geriatrics Workforce Enhancement Program grant. This support underscores the recognized need for targeted initiatives to improve healthcare outcomes for older adults by addressing the root causes of ageism and promoting intergenerational understanding and respect within the medical field.

More information: Emily S. Ihara et al, “Don’t Treat Us Like Fragile Babies”: Mentors’ Perspectives of an Intergenerational Mentoring Program for Medical Students, Journal of Intergenerational Relationships. DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2024.2310654

Journal information: Journal of Intergenerational Relationships Provided by George Mason University

Research indicates the Mediterranean diet boosts kidney health in diabetics for specific reasons

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The Mediterranean diet has once again been commended for its vast health benefits, as confirmed by a recent study. This diet, renowned for preventing cardiovascular incidents, enhancing immune function, and reducing oxidative stress, has also been proven to decelerate kidney deterioration. This particular advantage, previously recognized by the scientific community, has been demonstrated explicitly in individuals with Type-2 diabetes for the first time. Type-2 diabetes affects nearly 15% of the population in Spain, as reported by the Spanish Diabetes Society.

This revelation is among the key research findings of the University of Cordoba (UCO) and the Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC). The study has elucidated one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial impact of the Mediterranean diet on kidney health.

The research highlights the role of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), compounds with inflammatory and oxidizing properties that can accumulate in the body through diet or natural production. Particularly in diabetic patients who often face complications with kidney function, the challenge of eliminating these compounds leads to higher levels within the body.

The study, led by the Nutrigenomics and Metabolic Syndrome Group at IMIBIC, assessed the AGE levels in over 500 diabetic individuals. Over five years, it compared the effects of two healthful diets: the Mediterranean diet and a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. The findings revealed that those following the Mediterranean diet had significantly lower levels of these detrimental compounds, indicating an enhanced detoxification process that aids in eliminating such substances from the body.

While the link between AGEs and kidney disease was known, this study marks the first time a specific diet’s role in mitigating kidney function decline in diabetics has been demonstrated. According to the researchers, the Mediterranean diet is a potent strategy for managing these harmful compounds.

The study also touches upon the importance of cooking methods and the antioxidant properties of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) in contributing to the diet’s health benefits. Techniques typical of the Mediterranean diet, which involve longer, gentler cooking, produce fewer harmful substances than high-temperature, short-duration cooking.

This research is part of the Cordioprev study, a seven-year investigation involving over 1,000 heart disease patients. It compares the effects of a healthy, low-fat diet against a Mediterranean diet enriched with virgin olive oil. This groundbreaking work, which has received the National Gastronomy Award for Research and Innovation, was a collaborative effort by IMIBIC, UCO, and the Biomedical Research Centre in the Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN) under the leadership of Professor José López Miranda.

More information: Francisco M. Gutierrez-Mariscal et al, Reduction of circulating methylglyoxal levels by a Mediterranean diet is associated with preserved kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease: From the CORDIOPREV randomized controlled trial, Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2023.101503

Journal information: Diabetes & Metabolism Journal Provided by University of Córdoba

Does attempting to appear younger lessen the amount of ageism faced by older adults?

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Each year, countless older individuals in the United States allocate time and resources to presenting a more youthful appearance. This endeavour encompasses many practices, including dyeing hair to counteract greying, purchasing products to combat hair loss, utilizing teeth whitening solutions, and applying wrinkle-reducing treatments.

A recent investigation delves into the implications of such efforts for older adults within the context of the widespread ageism prevalent in American culture. The research further examines the relationship between individuals’ self-assessed age appearance, their encounters with both positive and negative aspects of ageing, and their overall physical and mental well-being.

The findings reveal that 59% of adults aged between 50 and 80 perceive themselves as appearing younger than their contemporaries. This perception is notably more prevalent among women, individuals with more significant financial resources, those with more extensive educational backgrounds, and currently employed persons.

Conversely, a mere 6% of the older population believe they appear older than their peers, with the remainder considering their appearance on par with individuals of their age group. Interestingly, a marginally higher proportion of those aged 50 to 64 feel they look older than those within the 65 to 80 age bracket.

Regarding efforts to achieve a younger look, the study identifies that approximately one-third of older Americans (35%) have dedicated time or money towards this objective. This tendency is particularly evident among women, higher-income earners, and individuals of Hispanic descent.

Conducted by the University of Oklahoma, Norman, and Michigan Medicine, U-M’s academic medical centre, and published in the journal Psychology and Aging, the study is grounded in data from the University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging. It explores physical appearances and older adults’ positive and negative experiences associated with ageing and ageism. Positive experiences include being sought after for advice and possessing a strong sense of purpose. In contrast, negative experiences entail assumptions by others regarding difficulties with vision, hearing, memory, or technology usage.

The research indicates that individuals who perceive themselves as younger than their age tend to report more positive experiences related to ageing and fewer encounters with ageism. This correlation is especially pronounced among those who have actively pursued a younger appearance, particularly those who are married or in a partnership.

However, the pursuit of youthfulness is not without its drawbacks. Participants who have invested in looking younger also report a higher incidence of negative ageing-related experiences, a trend that is significantly strong among non-Hispanic Black and White respondents but not for Hispanic participants.

Additionally, the study highlights a stark contrast in experiences between those who view themselves as older looking versus their age group, with the former group reporting more negative experiences with ageism and fewer positive ageing-related experiences.

Exploring participants’ self-reported health status reveals a nuanced connection between ageing experiences and mental and physical health. Individuals with more positive and fewer negative ageing-related experiences are likelier to report good health.

The research underscores the complex interplay between older adults’ perceptions of their age-related appearance, their experiences with ageism, and their overall health. Julie Ober Allen, PhD, M.P.H., from the Department of Health and Exercise Science at the University of Oklahoma, Norman, emphasizes the indirect relationship between ageism—a consequence of societal biases favouring youth—and health outcomes.

The disparity between those who appear younger for their age and those who admit to spending resources on achieving such an appearance reflects broader societal attitudes towards ageing and the stigma associated with efforts to alter one’s appearance, particularly among men.

The study advocates for a balanced approach by clinicians and public health officials, cautioning against reinforcing the negative perception of ageing signs while promoting health behaviours that can improve appearance and health outcomes in later life. Such behaviours include healthier eating, increased physical activity, better sleep quality, stress reduction, preventive oral care, sunscreen use, and avoiding harmful substances. These lifestyle choices, often more affordable and evidence-based than commercial anti-ageing products, can significantly impact both physical and mental health, as well as reduce experiences of age-related discrimination.

The findings, from a comprehensive survey of over 2,000 individuals aged 50 to 80 conducted in 2019, offer insights into the complex dynamics of ageing, self-perception, and societal attitudes. They highlight the critical role of healthful practices in mitigating the negative impacts of ageism and enhancing overall well-being among older adults.

More information: Julie Ober Allen et al, How Old Do I Look? Aging Appearance and Experiences of Aging Among U.S. Adults Ages 50–80, Psychology and Aging. DOI: 10.1037/pag0000800

Journal information: Psychology and Aging Provided by Michigan Medicine – University of Michigan

The Mediterranean diet is linked to a reduced risk of dementia

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A diet traditional to the Mediterranean region, characterized by a high intake of seafood, fruits, and nuts, has been linked to a lower risk of developing dementia. This connection was highlighted in a study published in BMC Medicine, which reported that individuals adhering closely to a Mediterranean diet exhibited up to a 23% reduced risk of dementia compared to those with lower levels of adherence.

The importance of diet as a modifiable risk factor for dementia is gaining attention for its potential role in disease prevention and risk mitigation. Small participant numbers and a limited number of dementia cases have often constrained previous investigations into the effects of the Mediterranean diet on dementia risk. In a more expansive study, Oliver Shannon and colleagues analyzed data from 60,298 participants from the UK Biobank who had undergone dietary assessment. The researchers employed two scoring methods to evaluate adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Over an average follow-up period of 9.1 years, there were 882 reported dementia cases. Additionally, the study considered the genetic predisposition of individuals for developing dementia by estimating their polygenic risk, which encompasses various genes associated with dementia risk.

The study found that participants with the highest level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet faced a 23% lower risk of dementia compared to those with the lowest adherence, translating to an absolute risk reduction of 0.55%. Interestingly, the study found no significant relationship between the genetic predisposition for dementia and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. That suggests that the association between higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet and a reduced risk of dementia may hold regardless of an individual’s genetic risk factors. However, this observation was inconsistent across all sensitivity analyses conducted, leading the authors to suggest the need for further research to explore the interaction between diet and genetics concerning dementia risk.

It’s important to note that the study’s analysis was primarily focused on individuals who self-identified as white, British, or Irish due to the genetic data being available solely for European ancestry. This limitation underscores the need for future research across diverse populations to fully understand the potential benefits of the Mediterranean diet in reducing dementia risk. The authors conclude that incorporating a Mediterranean diet, rich in healthy plant-based foods, could be crucial in future strategies to lower the risk of dementia.

More information: Oliver M. Shannon et al, Mediterranean diet adherence is associated with lower dementia risk, independent of genetic predisposition: findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study, BMC Medicine. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02772-3

Journal information: BMC Medicine Provided by BMC (BIOMED CENTRAL)

Oral health has an indirect impact on the subjective psychological well-being of older adults

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Oral health plays a pivotal role in individuals’ overall health and well-being, impacting various aspects of life beyond just dental health. It is increasingly recognized that preserving oral health minimizes the necessity for oral rehabilitation in later years and lowers the likelihood of developing numerous systemic conditions. Consequently, dedicating resources to enhance oral hygiene offers significant advantages for older adults. Nevertheless, the extent to which the advantages of improved oral health permeate into psychological aspects remains to be fully understood.

The positive correlation between psychological well-being and increased survival rates across healthy and ailing groups underscores the importance of identifying determinants of subjective well-being. This pursuit involves assessing the quality of life metrics such as satisfaction with life, interests, and overall happiness.

In this context, research spearheaded by Senior Assistant Professor Noriko Takeuchi of the Department of Preventive Dentistry at Okayama University Hospital, alongside collaborators Dr Daisuke Ekuni, Dr Nanami Sawada, and Dr Manabu Morita, has shed light on the impact of oral health on the subjective well-being of older adults, emphasizing its indirect effects through nutritional status and environmental factors. Their groundbreaking work, published in PLOS ONE on November 28, 2023, delves into the intricate relationships between oral health and psychological well-being.

The research team embarked on an exploratory journey, assessing various oral health conditions, including bacterial presence on the tongue and chewing and swallowing capabilities, among elderly patients at a dental clinic within Okayama University Hospital. Their investigation extended to how these oral health parameters correlate with the participants’ self-reported psychological well-being, taking into account their nutritional status and environmental factors such as social interactions, lifestyle habits, and medical history.

Dr Takeuchi articulated the study’s motivation to bridge the gaps in scientific knowledge concerning the nexus between oral health and psychological well-being. By examining the interplay between individual and environmental characteristics, oral health, and nutritional status, the study aimed to enrich our understanding of their collective impact on the subjective well-being of older adults.

The study’s conclusions highlight the intertwined relationship between oral health and nutritional status, subsequently affecting older adults’ subjective well-being. The condition of one’s mouth significantly influences one’s dietary choices and, by extension, one’s nutritional intake and health outcomes. “Enhancing oral health can lead to better nutritional status, which, in turn, may bolster subjective psychological well-being,” Dr. Takeuchi remarked.

Furthermore, the research underscores a reciprocal relationship between oral health and individuals’ social and personal environments. This dynamic suggests that poor social connections, often linked to psychological stress, can lead to unhealthy habits that exacerbate dental issues. The study also draws attention to the interconnection between environmental characteristics and nutritional status, proposing that oral health’s influence on subjective well-being, while indirect, is mediated through nutritional or ecological pathways.

Amidst Japan’s rapidly ageing demographic, the focus on senior care is intensifying. This study offers vital insights into the broader implications of oral health on mental well-being, advocating for healthcare investments in dental health to enhance the quality of life in older age. Despite acknowledging the limitations of their cross-sectional study, Dr. Takeuchi emphasizes the potential long-term benefits of good oral health on psychological well-being, underscoring the study’s significance in promoting health and happiness among older adults.

More information: Noriko Takeuchi et al, Association between oral condition and subjective psychological well-being among older adults attending a university hospital dental clinic: A cross-sectional study, PLoS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295078

Journal information: PLoS ONE Provided by Okayama University

Engaging in 20-25 minutes of physical exercise daily can mitigate the mortality risks associated with extended periods of sitting

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Recent research published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine suggests that incorporating a mere 20-25 minutes of physical activity into one’s daily routine could significantly counterbalance the increased mortality risk associated with a highly sedentary lifestyle. The study underscores that while more substantial amounts of daily physical activity are linked to further reductions in death risk, these benefits are evident regardless of the time individuals spend seated each day.

In developed countries, it’s common for adults to spend between 9 and 10 hours a day seated, predominantly during work hours. Such extensive periods of sedentariness are linked to a greater risk of death, the researchers point out. Prior studies exploring the protective effects of physical activity against the dangers of prolonged sitting often relied on aggregated data, leading to a generalized approach to findings. In contrast, this study aimed for a more nuanced understanding by analyzing individual data from people equipped with activity trackers. This approach helped to assess how physical activity might influence the relationship between sedentary time and mortality risk, and vice versa, and to determine the specific amounts of physical activity and sedentary behaviour affecting this risk.

The analysis included data collected from 2003 to 2019 through four distinct cohorts: the Norwegian Tromsø Study of 2015-16, the Swedish Healthy Ageing Initiative from 2012 to 2019, the Norwegian National Physical Activity Survey of 2008-09, and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2006. Nearly 12,000 individuals aged 50 or above were part of the study, each having at least four days of activity tracker data representing ten daily hours over a minimum two-year monitoring period. These participants also provided information on several factors that could influence outcomes, including their gender, education level, body metrics, smoking and drinking habits, and history of cardiovascular disease, cancer, or diabetes.

The study’s findings revealed that of the participants, 5943 spent less than 10.5 hours per day sitting, while 6042 exceeded this amount of sedentary time. Over an average follow-up period of five years, 805 individuals passed away, with a lower proportion of deaths among those who sat for less than 10.5 hours a day. Significantly, spending more than 12 hours a day in sedentary activities was linked to a 38% increased risk of death compared to sitting for 8 hours a day. Still, this risk was only evident among participants with less than 22 minutes of daily moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Conversely, exceeding 22 minutes of MVPA daily was associated with a lower death risk.

Furthermore, the study illustrated that while higher levels of MVPA were consistently associated with a reduced death risk regardless of sedentary time, the specific relationship between sitting time and mortality largely depended on moderate to vigorous activity volume. For instance, an additional 10 minutes of MVPA per day corresponded to a 15% lower death risk among those sitting less than 10.5 hours a day and a 35% reduction for those sitting more. Light physical activity only benefited those who were highly passive (spending over 12 hours a day sitting).

It’s important to note that the study is observational and cannot prove causation. The researchers also acknowledged limitations, such as the inability to update physical activity and sedentary time measurements over time and the exclusion of potential influencing factors like diet, mobility issues, and overall health status. Additionally, activity trackers may only accurately classify some types of activities and their intensity levels.

Despite these limitations, the research offers a compelling argument: even small quantities of moderate to vigorous physical activity can significantly mitigate the mortality risks associated with high sedentary time. Accumulating more than 22 minutes of such activity daily can eliminate the heightened risk of extended sitting periods. Therefore, promoting physical activity is a crucial strategy with potentially extensive health benefits for the public.

More information: Edvard H Sagelv et al, Device-measured physical activity, sedentary time, and risk of all-cause mortality: an individual participant data analysis of four prospective cohort studies, British Journal of Sports Medicine. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106568

Journal information: British Journal of Sports Medicine Provided by BMJ

Insufficient sleep increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes

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Adults who manage only three to five hours of sleep daily have a heightened chance of succumbing to type 2 diabetes. This correlation has been highlighted in a recent study by Uppsala University, featured in the JAMA Network Open journal. The study also suggests that the adverse effects of chronic sleep shortage cannot be entirely mitigated by adhering to a nutritious diet.

Christian Benedict, an Associate Professor specialising in sleep research at Uppsala University’s Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and the study’s lead researcher, often advises prioritising sleep. He acknowledges the challenges of adequate sleep, especially for someone responsible for parenting four teenagers.

The study delved into the connection between sleep deprivation and type 2 diabetes. This condition disrupts the body’s ability to efficiently utilise sugar (glucose), affecting insulin absorption and elevated blood sugar levels. A 2020 report indicated that over 462 million individuals worldwide are battling this condition. Without intervention, type 2 diabetes can inflict significant harm, especially on the nerves and blood vessels, making it a mounting concern for global public health.

Diana Noga, a fellow sleep researcher at the Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, reflected on previous findings. These studies have illustrated how inadequate daily rest escalates the risk of type 2 diabetes, whereas maintaining a diet rich in fruits and vegetables could lower this risk. However, whether healthy eating alone could offset the risk for those short on sleep remained unanswered.

To address this, researchers turned to the UK Biobank—one of the world’s most extensive population databases, which includes genetic mapping and health and lifestyle data from nearly half a million UK participants—over a decade of follow-up revealed that sleeping between three and five hours nightly is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Moreover, while a nutritious diet has been linked to a reduced risk of the disease, individuals who slept fewer than six hours nightly but followed a healthy diet were still found to be at an elevated risk for type 2 diabetes.

Benedict pointed out that their findings raise doubts about whether a wholesome diet can offset the diabetes risk associated with insufficient sleep. He stressed that their results should not be a source of alarm but rather a reminder of sleep’s significant role in maintaining health. He also mentioned that the impact of sleep deprivation might vary among individuals, influenced by factors such as genetic predisposition and each person’s inherent sleep requirements.

More information: Diana Aline Nôga et al, Habitual Short Sleep Duration, Diet, and Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults, JAMA Network Open. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.1147

Journal information: JAMA Network Open Provided by Uppsala University

Consumption of energy drinks might elevate the likelihood of anomalies in heart function and alterations in blood pressure

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Consuming 32 ounces of an energy drink within a brief period might elevate blood pressure levels and heighten the risk of electrical disturbances in the heart, impacting its rhythm. According to a compact investigation detailed in the Journal of the American Heart Association, an open-access journal of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.

This particular study involved the participation of 34 individuals in good health, aged between 18 and 40 years. These participants were randomly chosen to consume 32 ounces of one out of two commercially available caffeinated energy drinks or a placebo beverage across three days. The consumption of these drinks was confined to a 60-minute timeframe, ensuring up to one 16-ounce bottle was consumed in half an hour.

The research team measured the volunteers’ heart electrical activity using electrocardiograms, which chart the heart’s beating pattern. Additionally, they monitored the blood pressure of the participants. These assessments were conducted at the commencement of the study and then every 30 minutes over four hours following the intake of the drinks.

The energy drinks under examination contained 304 to 320 milligrams of caffeine for every 32 fluid ounces. It’s generally believed that caffeine doses below 400 milligrams are unlikely to cause any electrocardiographic alterations. The energy drinks also comprised other typical ingredients such as taurine (an amino acid), glucuronolactone (a substance found in plants and connective tissues), and B vitamins. In contrast, the placebo beverage comprised carbonated water, lime juice, and cherry flavouring.

For individuals who ingested either type of energy drink, it was discovered that the QT interval—time required for the ventricles (heart’s lower chambers) to get ready for the next beat—was extended by six milliseconds or 7.7 milliseconds after four hours in comparison to those who had the placebo. An abnormal QT interval, being either too brief or too prolonged, may lead to irregular heartbeats, potentially resulting in life-threatening arrhythmias.

The findings of this investigation corroborate previous studies, indicating that the alterations in the QT interval are likely to persist throughout the four-hour observation period rather than being a transient effect post-consumption of 32 ounces of an energy drink.

Moreover, a statistically significant change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was noted by 4 to 5 mm Hg in participants with energy drinks.

Sachin A. Shah, Pharm.D., the study’s lead researcher and a professor of pharmacy practice at the University of the Pacific, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences in Stockton, California, stated, “We observed a correlation between energy drink consumption and alterations in QT intervals and blood pressure that cannot solely be ascribed to caffeine. It is crucial to delve into the specific ingredient or blend of ingredients present in various energy drinks that might elucidate the outcomes observed in our clinical trial.”

This study represents the most comprehensive controlled analysis of the impact of energy drinks on heart function and blood pressure amongst young, healthy volunteers to date. It’s estimated that around 30% of teenagers aged 12 to 17 years in the United States regularly consume energy drinks, which have been associated with an uptick in emergency room visits and fatalities.

“Given the widespread accessibility and frequent consumption of energy drinks by teenagers and young adults, including college students, comprehending the effects of these beverages on the heart is of paramount importance,” remarked Kate O’Dell, Pharm.D., study co-author, professor of pharmacy, and director of experiential programs at the Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences.

However, the study’s scope was limited to assessing the immediate effects of energy drink consumption and does not extend to long-term impacts or habitual intake of these beverages. Furthermore, the study exclusively evaluated the consumption of energy drinks in isolation, without considering the common practice of mixing them with other substances, such as alcohol. The research included only healthy individuals aged 18 to 40, and findings may vary across different demographic groups.

Dr. Shah emphasized the importance of public awareness regarding the potential effects of energy drinks on the body, especially for individuals with pre-existing health conditions. He also highlighted the need for healthcare professionals to advise certain patient groups, such as those with congenital or acquired long QT syndrome or high blood pressure, to limit or closely monitor their energy drink consumption.

More information: Sachin A. Shah et al, Impact of High Volume Energy Drink Consumption on Electrocardiographic and Blood Pressure Parameters: A Randomized Trial, Journal of the American Heart Association. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.011318

Journal information: Journal of the American Heart Association