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Air Pollution Linked to Decline in Brain Health Among Older Adults

A new study led by researchers at University College London (UCL) has found that prolonged exposure to high levels of air pollution may significantly damage the brain health of older adults living in England. Published in The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, the study links sustained exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and delicate particulate matter (PM2.5) with declines in cognitive abilities, particularly in language skills. The findings suggest that the harmful effects of air pollution extend well beyond the heart and lungs, posing a serious threat to cognitive functioning as people age.

Nitrogen dioxide is primarily released into the atmosphere through the combustion of fossil fuels, with the chief sources being cars, buses, trucks, power stations, and various industrial machinery. Meanwhile, PM2.5, composed of microscopic particles, typically arises from burning petrol, diesel, oil, and wood. Due to their tiny size, PM2.5 particles can penetrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream, potentially causing widespread physiological damage, including the brain.

The researchers analysed data from 1,127 adults aged 65 and over who participated in the ELSA Harmonised Cognitive Assessment Protocol (ELSA-HCAP) 2018. They assessed participants’ exposure to air pollution over eight to ten years between 2008 and 2017. Cognitive performance was evaluated across several domains: memory, executive function (planning, decision-making, and problem-solving), language ability, and overall cognitive function. Participants underwent well-established neurocognitive tests, such as the East Boston Memory Test and the Wechsler Memory Scale, immediate and delayed recall tasks, backwards counting exercises, and shape drawing assessments.

The findings demonstrated that individuals living in areas with the highest NO₂ and PM2.5 pollution levels performed notably worse on cognitive tests than those with average pollution levels. The most striking association was in language skills, where individuals exposed to the highest pollution levels were disproportionately represented in the bottom third of test performance. This suggests a potentially specific vulnerability of language processing abilities to long-term environmental pollution.

The study further indicated that the source of air pollution matters. Pollutants from industrial activity, residential heating, and the combustion of fuels such as coal and oil were most strongly linked to impaired language performance. Although the researchers did not investigate the biological mechanisms underlying these findings, they propose that damage to the temporal lobe – a brain region essential for language processing and semantic fluency – may explain the observed cognitive effects. They emphasise the need for further research to understand better the neurological pathways through which pollutants exert their harmful influence.

Lead author Dr Giorgio Di Gessa (UCL Epidemiology & Health) commented: “Our study shows that air pollution is not just detrimental to respiratory and cardiovascular health, but also has profound implications for the brain, particularly with long-term exposure. The most consistent associations we observed were with language ability, hinting that some pollutants may selectively impair specific cognitive functions.” Echoing this call for action, Deputy Director of the ELSA study, Professor Paola Zaninotto, added: “By tracking pollution levels over a decade with high-quality data, we provide robust evidence that prolonged environmental exposure can inflict lasting damage on brain health.”

However, the researchers acknowledge certain limitations. The air pollution data covered only ten years, which may not fully represent a participant’s lifetime exposure. Additionally, annual averages were used, potentially missing the cognitive effects of short-term spikes in pollution. The relatively small, England-based sample also restricts the generalisability of the findings to other settings or larger populations. Nevertheless, the study offers compelling evidence for the urgent need to strengthen air quality regulations, particularly to protect the ageing population from preventable cognitive decline.

More information: Giorgio Di Gessa et al, Cognitive Performance and Long-term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution: Findings From the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol Substudy of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA-HCAP), The Journals of Gerontology Series A. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaf060

Journal information: The Journals of Gerontology Series A Provided by University College London

Predicting Long-Term Care Needs in Older Adults Through Body Composition Analysis

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As populations worldwide continue to age, the urgency of preventing functional decline and mitigating the future need for long-term care among older adults is becoming increasingly apparent. A straightforward method for evaluating an individual’s physical condition involves using body composition analysers, particularly for assessing muscle mass. However, emerging research has cast doubt on the reliability of muscle mass alone as a predictor of health outcomes, highlighting instead the importance of assessing “muscle quality”—a more nuanced and potentially informative metric.

Body composition analysers transmit a weak alternating electrical current through the body and measure its resistance. By employing currents at multiple frequencies, these devices can provide insight into the physiological state of cell membranes—quantified as the phase angle—as well as the ratio of intracellular water (ICW) to extracellular water (ECW), both of which serve as proxies for tissue integrity and function. Numerous studies have demonstrated that such measures can distinguish between tissues that contribute to muscle contraction and those that do not, effectively offering an index of muscle quality. Since the ability of muscles to contract is vital for performing everyday activities, indicators of muscle quality may correlate more directly with future risk of functional impairment and consequent dependence on long-term care.

In this context, a longitudinal study was conducted using body composition data from 858 adults aged 65 years or older residing in Kasama City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. The researchers focused on two indicators derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis: the phase angle and the extracellular to intracellular water resistance ratio. These individuals were monitored over 12 years to investigate the association between these physiological markers and the eventual need for long-term care services.

The findings revealed a compelling relationship: individuals exhibiting lower values for the phase angle and the ECW/ICW resistance ratio—particularly in the lower limbs—faced a significantly increased risk of becoming dependent on long-term care. This association was most pronounced when these values fell below the cohort median. In contrast, conventional muscle mass measurements did not correlate statistically with the onset of care dependency. These results underscore the limitations of traditional metrics and suggest that indices reflecting muscle quality may be more predictive of future frailty.

To translate these findings into practical application, the researchers established standard reference values for each indicator, estimating thresholds that signify increased risk of dependency within four and ten years, respectively. Such benchmarks serve as valuable tools for early intervention strategies, allowing health professionals and policymakers to identify at-risk individuals and implement preventive measures more effectively.

Importantly, body composition analysers offer several logistical advantages. The assessment process is non-invasive and requires minimal effort from the subject—simply stepping onto the device initiates the measurement—and no specialised personnel are needed to operate the machinery. This ease of use applies well to implementation in diverse settings, including medical clinics, long-term care facilities, and community centres. With widespread adoption, such technology could become an essential component of public health strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of care dependency in older populations, ultimately improving quality of life and reducing the societal burden associated with ageing.

More information: Yujiro Asano et al, Segmental phase angle and the extracellular to intracellular water ratio are associated with functional disability in community-dwelling older adults: A follow-up study of up to 12 years, Nutrition. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2025.112709

Journal information: Nutrition Provided by University of Tsukuba

Mitigating Cognitive Fatigue and Ageing Effects Through Regular Exercise

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According to new research, retired individuals who maintain a consistent exercise routine exhibit a stronger ability to withstand the detrimental effects of mental fatigue. The study, recently published in the Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, was conducted by a collaborative team from the University of Birmingham and the University of Extremadura in Spain. Their research explored the influence of age and physical activity on susceptibility to mental fatigue, examining cognitive and physical performance across various tests.

In the initial phase of the investigation, researchers observed two age groups of sedentary men: those aged 52 to 64 and those aged 65 to 79. The findings revealed that the older cohort consistently underperformed in cognitive and physical assessments compared to their younger counterparts. These impairments were particularly pronounced when participants were subjected to tasks following periods of induced mental fatigue, suggesting an age-related increase in vulnerability to cognitive depletion.

A second study was conducted to probe further this relationship involving retired men and women aged 66 to 72. This time, participants were divided according to their activity levels. Results demonstrated a marked difference: older adults who regularly engaged in physical activity outperformed their sedentary peers across mentally rested and fatigued conditions. This suggests habitual exercise is a protective factor, bolstering cognitive and physical resilience even under fatigue.

Professor Chris Ring, from the University of Birmingham and lead author of the study, highlighted the implications of these findings. “This study underscores the importance of maintaining physical activity as we age,” he explained. “It provides compelling evidence that regular exercise not only enhances physical fitness but also mitigates the effects of mental fatigue on both cognitive and physical performance.”

The research forms part of a broader international initiative examining the links between ageing, exercise, and cognitive health. Professor Ring and his colleagues assert that regular physical activity is a powerful, accessible intervention for preserving function and performance in later life. It supports cardiovascular and muscular health and appears to foster greater resistance to mental fatigue—a common challenge among older adults that can diminish the quality of life and functional independence.

Moreover, the team observed that age and inactivity amplify the impairing effects of mental fatigue, reinforcing the critical role of an active lifestyle in healthy ageing. Older adults who remain inactive are more susceptible to the natural declines associated with ageing and more likely to experience sharp performance drops when mentally taxed.

Professor Ring proposes a three-pronged strategy to empower older individuals to enhance their resilience in demanding situations. Firstly, he advocates for increased regular physical activity tailored to the individual’s capacity and preferences. Secondly, he recommends a preparatory warm-up that blends cognitive and physical tasks—such as puzzles combined with light aerobic activity—to better equip individuals for upcoming challenges, especially when they feel mentally drained. Lastly, he highlights the potential of Brain Endurance Training (BET), a method that integrates cognitive exercises with physical workouts, as a means to improve both mental and physical endurance.

In sum, this research contributes to a growing body of evidence affirming the multifaceted benefits of physical activity in later life. By demonstrating that regular exercise enhances physical capacity, cognitive function, and resilience to fatigue, it offers a persuasive argument for embedding physical activity into the daily routines of older adults. The study promotes exercise as a vehicle for healthy ageing and provides practical strategies for those seeking to remain sharp, agile, and independent well into their retirement years.

More information: Chris Ring et al, The Detrimental Effects of Mental Fatigue on Cognitive and Physical Performance in Older Adults Are Accentuated by Age and Attenuated by Habitual Physical Activity, Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. DOI: 10.1123/japa.2024-0227

Journal information: Journal of Aging and Physical Activity Provided by University of Birmingham

Navigating Freedom: How GPS Empowers Older Adults Behind the Wheel

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A recent study published on 3 April 2025 in the open-access journal PLOS Digital Health suggests that GPS technology may significantly enhance road mobility among older adult drivers. Conducted by Sol Morrissey of the University of East Anglia and colleagues, the research highlights how electronic navigation tools can help older individuals maintain a sense of independence and continue engaging in everyday travel, even in the face of age-related cognitive challenges.

Driving remains the preferred mode of transport for most older adults. However, natural declines in spatial awareness and cognitive functioning can erode confidence and restrict the frequency and distance of driving. Sustaining driving mobility—the ability to drive regularly and over longer distances—is crucial for maintaining physical autonomy and supporting social engagement and cognitive well-being. Although GPS and other navigational systems are gaining traction among ageing populations, their precise impact on driving behaviour has remained underexplored until now.

To address this gap, Morrissey and colleagues surveyed 895 drivers aged 65 and older, with the average age being 71. The study deliberately excluded individuals with severe untreated medical impairments or excessive alcohol use to ensure that participants could safely operate a vehicle. Participants completed a series of assessments, including self-reported driving patterns, a standardised cognitive evaluation, and a subjective questionnaire to gauge their wayfinding abilities.

Findings revealed that more than 80% of participants reported using some form of navigational assistance while driving. Among these users, over half indicated that they utilised GPS for selected journeys, while more than 70% used it to guide them through entire trips. Fewer than 3% relied on GPS for every drive, suggesting that older adults remain discerning about when to use digital navigation tools.

Perhaps the most compelling insight emerged from participants who demonstrated poor objective wayfinding skills. Within this group, those who used GPS reported significantly higher levels of driving mobility than those who did not. Similarly, participants who described themselves as having a poor sense of direction were more likely to depend on GPS navigation. These findings indicate a positive relationship between GPS use and sustained driving activity, particularly among individuals who might otherwise restrict their travel due to spatial or directional challenges.

The researchers suggest that integrating navigational technology into public health and ageing strategies could be a promising approach to promoting safe and independent driving among older adults. Future investigations could benefit from examining the influence of cultural norms, national driving conditions, the design of specific navigation systems, and the social dynamics introduced by passengers or copilots in the vehicle.

The authors commented on the study’s implications: “In older age, driving is vital for quality of life and wellbeing. Our study shows that older drivers with worse spatial abilities who use GPS navigation assistance have better driving mobility, and therefore supporting older adults in using these tools can help them maintain their driving.”

By shedding light on the practical benefits of GPS navigation for ageing drivers, this study provides a timely reminder that digital technologies—when thoughtfully integrated—can help mitigate the constraints of ageing and foster prolonged independence on the road. As populations age globally, these insights may prove instrumental in shaping transportation policies and technologies that cater to older adults’ evolving needs.

More information: Sol Morrissey et al, GPS navigation assistance is associated with driving mobility in older drivers, PLOS Digital Health. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000768

Journal information: PLOS Digital Health Provided by PLOS

Hypertension-Induced Renal Changes Begin in the Early Stages

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A research team from the Medical University of Vienna has uncovered early kidney structural alterations associated with high blood pressure independent of diabetes. Their findings reveal that arterial hypertension alone may initiate damage to podocytes — the specialised cells responsible for the kidney’s filtration barrier — even without comorbid conditions such as type 2 diabetes. Published in the journal Hypertension, the study underscores the critical need for timely detection and rigorous management of elevated blood pressure to mitigate the risk of renal impairment.

The investigation, led by Christopher Paschen and Rainer Oberbauer of the Clinical Division of Nephrology and Dialysis (Department of Medicine III) and Heinz Regele of the Clinical Department of Pathology, analysed the renal tissue from 99 individuals. These participants either had coexisting hypertension and type 2 diabetes or were free from both conditions, thereby allowing the researchers to isolate the independent effects of high blood pressure. The samples were derived from non-pathological areas of kidneys surgically removed for tumour treatment (tumour nephrectomies) performed between 2013 and 2018.

Advanced imaging techniques and computer-assisted analysis were employed to evaluate the structure of the renal corpuscles (glomeruli) and their associated podocytes. As essential components of the glomerular filtration barrier, podocytes are pivotal in maintaining renal function. Their size and density serve as key indicators of early renal damage. The research incorporated artificial intelligence through deep learning algorithms, enabling precise, automated analysis of digital tissue sections. This method allowed for high-resolution quantification of podocyte morphology and glomerular volume.

The results revealed a marked reduction in podocyte density among patients with hypertension and a noticeable enlargement of the cell nuclei compared with healthy controls. These morphological changes were consistent regardless of whether type 2 diabetes was also present, suggesting that hypertension alone is sufficient to initiate structural kidney damage. “Our findings suggest that these alterations represent the first microscopically detectable stage of kidney dysfunction,” said first author Christopher Paschen. The researchers interpret this as a potential precursor to clinically apparent renal disease, emphasising the importance of preemptive intervention.

Study leaders Rainer Oberbauer and Heinz Regele further highlighted the implications of these results: “Early identification and consistent treatment of high blood pressure could help decelerate the progression of chronic kidney disease and prevent permanent renal damage.” The evidence supports the notion that even before symptoms become apparent, hypertension may quietly compromise kidney integrity through changes to the podocyte network. This finding could shift current screening and management strategies.

Chronic kidney disease is frequently attributed to hypertension and type 2 diabetes, two of the most prevalent global health challenges. While the mechanisms by which diabetes leads to nephropathy are well understood, the direct impact of hypertension on renal structure—particularly in the absence of diabetes—has remained less clear. This study offers new clarity on the subject, providing compelling evidence that hypertension alone can induce measurable changes in kidney architecture. These insights may significantly impact early diagnostic protocols and therapeutic planning, potentially influencing future nephrology and primary care guidelines.

In sum, the Vienna-based team’s work contributes vital new knowledge to the field of renal medicine, illustrating that damage to the kidney’s delicate filtration system may occur earlier than previously recognised and in patient populations not typically flagged for heightened renal risk. Their integration of AI-driven analysis further demonstrates the value of digital pathology in uncovering subtle yet meaningful physiological shifts. As hypertension rises globally, the study reinforces the urgent necessity of proactive cardiovascular and renal health monitoring.

More information: Christopher Paschen et al, Association of Podometrics Findings in Patients With Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Analysis, Hypertension. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.24379

Journal information: Hypertension Provided by Medical University of Vienna

Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation: A Dangerous Duo Demanding Joint Screening, Say Experts

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A coalition of 29 international medical experts is calling for urgent changes in how two of the most prevalent cardiovascular conditions—hypertension and atrial fibrillation—are detected. According to a recent expert review, simultaneously screening for both conditions could prevent thousands of strokes yearly. Published in Circulation, a respected journal of the American Heart Association, the review underscores the dangerous synergy between high blood pressure and atrial fibrillation (AF). It warns that failing to detect one while monitoring for the other represents a missed opportunity in preventative healthcare.

Hypertension, more commonly known as high blood pressure, is already a well-established risk factor for stroke. Atrial fibrillation, meanwhile, is the most common sustained heart rhythm disorder, marked by a rapid and irregular heartbeat that can promote the formation of blood clots within the heart. These clots can travel to the brain, leading to ischaemic strokes. When these two conditions co-exist, they do not merely double the risk—they amplify it exponentially, significantly increasing the chances of stroke, heart failure, and even cognitive disorders such as dementia.

Professor Teemu Niiranen, a Professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Turku in Finland and one of Europe’s foremost authorities on hypertension, led the authorship of the review. He describes the relationship between hypertension and AF as especially perilous, calling it a “dangerous combination” in which each condition worsens the other. “Hypertension and atrial fibrillation are a dangerous combination—one leads to the other, and together they significantly increase the risk of stroke, heart failure, and dementia,” says Niiranen. Despite the extensive evidence linking the two, atrial fibrillation remains severely underdiagnosed, mainly due to the absence of routine screening, even in individuals already known to have high blood pressure.

While hypertension is commonly detected through standard blood pressure checks, atrial fibrillation can often remain hidden. Many individuals with AF experience no symptoms, meaning the condition may go unnoticed until it triggers a serious event, such as a stroke. Niiranen and his co-authors argue that this makes early screening critical. Simple, inexpensive tools such as pulse checks or blood pressure monitors with irregular heartbeat alerts could identify AF early and allow timely intervention. “The combination of high blood pressure and atrial fibrillation is like a ticking time bomb. A simple pulse check or an automatic alert of an irregular heart rate on a blood pressure monitor could mean the difference between early treatment and a life-altering stroke,” he warns.

Beyond the issue of detection, the review also emphasises the role of hypertension in the development of atrial fibrillation. Chronic high blood pressure can alter the structure and function of the heart, increasing the likelihood of abnormal electrical activity that leads to AF. This suggests that managing hypertension effectively not only reduces stroke risk directly but also prevents the onset of atrial fibrillation, thereby offering a dual protective effect against both cardiovascular and neurological complications.

Furthermore, the review highlights the growing body of evidence that connects atrial fibrillation not only to stroke but also to the development of dementia. The presence of silent or intermittent episodes of AF may contribute to subtle but cumulative damage to the brain over time. Given the rising prevalence of cognitive disorders and the ageing global population, early detection of atrial fibrillation has implications far beyond cardiovascular care. It could also serve as a crucial strategy in reducing the future burden of neurodegenerative disease.

In conclusion, the authors advocate integrating atrial fibrillation screening into standard hypertension assessments. With the availability of modern diagnostic tools—ranging from blood pressure monitors with arrhythmia alerts to portable ECG devices and smartwatches—there is little justification for maintaining the current separation of these two screening processes. “By incorporating atrial fibrillation screening into routine blood pressure screenings, we could identify at-risk patients earlier, start appropriate treatment, and save lives,” Niiranen asserts. The call to action is clear: tackling these two interlinked conditions offers a powerful opportunity to reduce preventable strokes and improve long-term health outcomes across populations.

More information: Teemu Niiranen et al, Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation: A Frontier Review From the AF-SCREEN International Collaboration, Circulation. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.071047

Journal information: Circulation Provided by University of Turku

Diabetes Disrupts the Brain’s Memory and Reward Systems, Study Finds

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Groundbreaking research from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) has unveiled new insights into how Type 2 diabetes may disrupt brain function in ways that resemble the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Central to this revelation is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a vital but previously underexplored region of the brain that appears to play a key role in how elevated blood sugar affects memory and motivation. The study identifies a significant neurological link between diabetes and cognitive decline, offering a fresh perspective on a longstanding medical mystery.

Diabetes is widely recognised as a metabolic disorder that affects how the body regulates blood sugar and insulin. Among individuals with Type 2 diabetes—the most prevalent form of the disease—there is a notably higher risk of developing psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions, including a 65% increased chance of Alzheimer’s disease. Despite this correlation, the precise biological mechanisms bridging these two conditions have remained poorly understood. The UNLV research team, led by psychology professor James Hyman, set out to investigate this link by examining the impact of diabetes on brain regions associated with cognition and emotional regulation.

The anterior cingulate cortex, or ACC, is a structure within the brain’s frontal lobe and is known to mediate various essential cognitive and emotional processes. These include motivation, decision-making, learning, and the processing of rewards, as well as goal-oriented behaviour and emotional regulation. Its function is particularly relevant in mood disorders such as depression, which frequently co-occur with chronic diseases like diabetes. Despite its central role in these processes, the ACC has not previously been a significant focus on research exploring the neurological impact of diabetes.

In this study, published in the Journal of Neuroscience as part of a special issue on the computational properties of the prefrontal cortex, researchers used rodent models to explore how diabetes might interfere with ACC function. They observed that rodents with diabetes demonstrated altered reward-related behaviour. While they showed heightened anticipation for rewards such as sweet treats, they did not pause to savour the reward once received. Instead, they rapidly moved on to seek the next pleasurable stimulus. This pattern of behaviour, researchers suggest, reflects a breakdown in how the brain processes and encodes reward experiences—an impairment that mirrors early symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

Further investigation revealed that high blood sugar and insulin resistance—hallmarks of Type 2 diabetes—may weaken the ACC’s ability to integrate information from other brain regions. In particular, the researchers focused on its connection with the hippocampus, a region critical for spatial and autobiographical memory. According to Hyman, the hippocampus informs the brain about its location, while the ACC interprets what the individual is doing and whether they are receiving a reward. In healthy brains, this combined input creates a coherent and memorable experience. However, in diabetic brains, this neural synchrony appears disrupted, impairing memory and motivation.

This research builds on earlier work by the same team, which had already suggested a link between diabetes and cognitive impairment. What makes this study especially significant is its identification of a specific brain circuit—the hippocampus-ACC pathway—that may be vulnerable in both diabetes and Alzheimer’s. This finding opens potential avenues for targeted therapies that could slow or mitigate the neurological consequences of Type 2 diabetes. It also reinforces the importance of maintaining metabolic health, particularly through diet and lifestyle interventions, to protect cognitive function over time.

With Type 2 diabetes affecting over 90% of the global diabetic population and approximately one in ten people worldwide living with the disease, the study’s findings carry broad implications. Not only does it underscore the cognitive risks posed by chronic hyperglycaemia, but it also suggests that early interventions aimed at preserving ACC and hippocampal function could serve as a buffer against long-term brain damage. The dampening of reward signals observed in diabetic models also corresponds with symptoms of anhedonia—the inability to experience pleasure—a key feature of both depression and Alzheimer’s, further reinforcing the relevance of these findings to mental health.

Looking ahead, Hyman and his team plan to continue exploring the relationship between the ACC and hippocampus, particularly in the context of neurodegeneration. He notes that Alzheimer’s disease can remain undiagnosed for decades due to the brain’s capacity for compensation, meaning individuals may appear cognitively normal even while their neural processing is subtly changing. “We saw evidence of this compensatory behaviour even in our study,” Hyman said. “Understanding how and when these changes begin could be crucial for developing earlier and more effective interventions in both diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease.”

More information: James Hyman et al, ACC reward location information is carried by hippocampal theta synchrony and suppressed in a Type 2 Diabetes model, JNeurosci. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1546-24.2025

Journal information: JNeurosci Provided by University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Muscle Damage After Exercise: Comparable or Reduced in Older Adults Versus Young Adults

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A new study has upended the longstanding belief that ageing muscles are more prone to soreness and damage following exercise. Contrary to widespread assumption, older adults experience less muscle soreness than younger individuals after physical exertion. These findings challenge the notion that older muscles are inherently less resilient and take longer to recover, offering a more optimistic outlook for maintaining physical activity in later life.

Published in the Journal of Aging and Physical Activity (JAPA), the study “Advancing Age Is Not Associated with Greater Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage” comprehensively investigates how ageing influences muscle performance, soreness, and biochemical indicators of muscle damage. Co-authored by researchers from Lancaster University, the analysis synthesises data from 36 separate studies to assess muscle responses across different age groups. Participants were divided into two categories: younger adults aged 18 to 25 and older adults aged 35 and above.

The researchers examined three primary markers of post-exercise response: subjective muscle soreness, objective muscle function loss, and creatine kinase levels—a biochemical indicator of muscle damage. Surprisingly, older adults consistently reported lower levels of soreness. Forty-eight hours after exercising, they experienced about 34% less soreness than their younger counterparts. This difference became even more pronounced by the 72-hour mark, at which point older participants reported 62% less soreness. Additionally, creatine kinase levels were 28% lower in older adults 24 hours post-exercise, suggesting a diminished inflammatory or muscular stress response.

These results point to a noteworthy conclusion: age does not appear to be associated with increased vulnerability to muscle damage. The fundamental capacity for muscle recovery remains relatively stable despite physiological changes that occur with ageing—such as reductions in muscle mass and hormonal shifts. This insight contradicts the belief that older individuals should avoid intense or frequent exercise due to a greater risk of muscle strain, soreness, or prolonged recovery periods. On the contrary, the findings support a more confident approach to physical activity at older ages.

The study also observed sex-based differences, with males showing slightly more significant muscle function reductions after exercise than females. However, the researchers noted no significant difference in outcomes based on the type of exercise performed, whether it involved resistance or endurance training or targeted the upper or lower body. This suggests that age-related resilience in muscle recovery is broadly consistent, regardless of training modality or the muscles engaged.

Dr Lawrence Hayes, senior author of the study and a lecturer at Lancaster Medical School, highlighted the practical significance of the research. “These findings are significant because they challenge the widespread belief that ageing muscles recover more slowly or are more prone to exercise-induced damage,” he stated. “This misconception often discourages older adults from engaging in regular physical activity due to fears of prolonged soreness or weakness.” The evidence, however, suggests that such fears may be misplaced and that older adults can benefit from a more active lifestyle without undue concern over muscle recovery.

The study’s broader implications could influence how exercise programmes and recovery protocols are designed for older populations. If older individuals are indeed less affected by muscle soreness than previously assumed, then their training schedules may not need to include disproportionately long recovery periods. This opens the door to more frequent or higher-intensity workouts, contributing to better health outcomes, including improved mobility, strength, and cardiovascular function. As Dr Hayes emphasised, “Exercise has no age limit—move more to live longer and healthier. Aim for 150 minutes of physical activity per week, include strength training twice weekly, and most importantly, find a workout you enjoy. You’re likelier to stick with it when you enjoy it.”

More information: John Fernandes et al, Advancing Age Is Not Associated With Greater Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression, Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. DOI: 10.1123/japa.2024-0165

Journal information: Journal of Aging and Physical Activity Provided by Lancaster University

Retinal Thickening Linked to Increased Risk and Severity of Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults

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A new study published in the open-access journal General Psychiatry found that thickening of the macular layer in the right eye’s retina is significantly associated with a heightened risk and severity of postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing general anaesthesia. The findings suggest that macular thickness, as measured through a standard ophthalmological test, may be a helpful non-invasive biomarker to identify those at increased risk of this common and serious post-surgical complication.

Postoperative delirium is a frequent and concerning outcome for older individuals recovering from surgery. Characterised by sudden confusion, disorganised thinking, and altered levels of consciousness, it can have lasting consequences on a patient’s physical and cognitive health. Those who develop delirium tend to require extended hospital stays, are less likely to regain complete independence, and face increased chances of needing assistance with daily activities or even permanent placement in nursing facilities. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that postoperative delirium is linked to long-term cognitive decline and an elevated risk of dementia.

Because visual impairment has already been identified as a risk factor for postoperative delirium, the research team sought to investigate whether specific structural changes in the retina could indicate increased vulnerability. In particular, they focused on the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. They hypothesised that abnormal thickening of this retinal layer might reflect underlying neurological changes that predispose older adults to cognitive disturbances following surgery.

To explore this possibility, the study recruited 169 patients aged 65 or over who were scheduled to undergo elective procedures—such as hip or knee replacements or kidney and prostate surgeries—at Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital. Before surgery, all participants underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT), a non-invasive imaging technique that provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina. The thickness of the macula in both eyes was measured, and each patient was subsequently monitored for signs of delirium during the first three postoperative days using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). The severity of any delirium observed was assessed using the CAM-Severity (CAM-S) scale, which evaluates features such as inattention, disorganised thinking, sleep disturbances, agitation, and psychomotor slowing.

The results revealed that 40 patients—approximately 24% of the total sample—developed postoperative delirium. These individuals had a significantly greater average macular thickness in the right eye (283.35 µm) compared to those who did not experience delirium (273.84 µm). Statistical analysis further showed that, even after adjusting for age, sex, and mental status, an increase in right eye macular thickness was linked to a 1.593-fold higher likelihood of developing postoperative delirium. Moreover, greater macular thickness was associated with increased risk and higher severity scores on the CAM-S scale. Interestingly, the macular thickness in the left eye did not demonstrate the same association, suggesting a lateralised effect that aligns with previous research indicating asymmetrical patterns in retinal and cerebral neurodegeneration.

While these findings open new avenues for the early identification of patients at risk for postoperative delirium, the authors caution against over-interpretation. As an observational study, it cannot establish a definitive cause-and-effect relationship. The small sample size and lack of data on potential confounders—such as eye dominance—pose limitations. Nonetheless, the results point to a promising direction for future research. The study concludes by proposing that OCT-derived macular measurements might be integrated into preoperative assessments for older adults, helping clinicians anticipate and mitigate the risk of postoperative delirium through tailored interventions and closer monitoring.

More information: Zhongyong Shi et al, Association between retinal layer thickness and postoperative delirium in older patients, General Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2024-101740

Journal information: General Psychiatry Provided by BMJ Group

Consistent Transcendental Meditation May Alleviate Stress and Slow the Ageing Process

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A collaborative research effort led by scientists from Maharishi International University (MIU), the University of Siegen, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences has found that long-term practitioners of Transcendental Meditation® (TM®) display biological indicators suggestive of reduced stress and a slower ageing process. The study evaluated several physiological and neurological markers by drawing upon data from individuals who had practised TM for either 12 or 40 years and comparing them with non-meditating controls. These included gene expression profiles, electroencephalogram (EEG) readings of cognitive function, and levels of stress-related hormones such as cortisol and cortisone found in hair samples.

Supaya Wenuganen of MIU, one of the lead authors, explained that the research supports the broad-ranging health benefits of sustained TM practice. “Our study shows that long-term engagement with TM technologies may influence health at the molecular level,” Wenuganen said. “We observed meaningful differences in gene expression, brainwave activity, and stress hormone levels that collectively point to reduced biological stress and a slowing of age-related physiological decline.” The findings have been published in a special issue of Biomolecules, titled Possible Anti-Aging and Anti-Stress Effects of Long-Term Transcendental Meditation Practice: Differences in Gene Expression, EEG Correlates of Cognitive Function, and Hair Steroids.

Among the most striking observations were changes in gene expression associated with ageing and inflammation. One such gene, SOCS3—known for its role in chronic stress regulation and energy metabolism—showed reduced expression in TM practitioners. This reduction may indicate a lower “allostatic load,” referring to the cumulative physical toll that long-term stress places on the body. Kenneth Walton, senior researcher at MIU and co-author of the study, remarked, “Lower levels of age-related gene expression and diminished cortisol in long-term TM practitioners suggest that these individuals may be ageing more slowly and adapting to stress more effectively than those who do not meditate.”

The study also investigated age-related changes in brain function using EEG recordings. In particular, researchers measured N2 and P3 latency—electrical signals in the brain corresponding to attention and cognitive processing speed. Typically, these responses become slower with age. However, older TM practitioners demonstrated response times that closely matched those of much younger participants. Moreover, they scored higher on the Brain Integration Scale (BIS), which evaluates reaction time, brainwave coherence, and attentional focus. Co-author Frederick Travis said, “Older meditators showed the same cognitive agility as young controls, reinforcing the idea that TM practice may preserve brain function as we age.”

Hormonal analysis further supported the idea of reduced chronic stress in long-term meditators. The study assessed cortisol levels (the active stress hormone) and cortisone (inactive form) in hair samples, revealing that TM practitioners had a lower cortisol-to-cortisone ratio. This is significant, as sustained high levels of cortisol are linked to cognitive decline and numerous age-related illnesses. Walton elaborated, “The reduced ratio suggests a stronger adaptive reserve in meditators—an ability to return to baseline after stress more efficiently. This kind of resilience is a key component of healthy ageing and long-term well-being.”

This research builds upon previous findings from MIU and related institutions, which have long documented TM’s mental and physical health benefits, including improved cardiovascular outcomes and enhanced psychological resilience. By exploring a diverse set of biological and neurological metrics, the present study offers a comprehensive look at how meditation might act as a preventive health strategy. The authors intend to investigate the cellular and metabolic mechanisms underpinning these effects, particularly those involved in inflammation regulation and mitochondrial function. As meditation continues to gain acceptance within both clinical and wellness settings, this study offers compelling evidence for its potential as a low-cost, non-invasive tool for supporting longevity and reducing the impact of chronic stress on the human body.

More information: Kenneth Walton et al, Possible Anti-Aging and Anti-Stress Effects of Long-Term Transcendental Meditation Practice: Differences in Gene Expression, EEG Correlates of Cognitive Function, and Hair Steroids, Biomolecules. DOI: 10.3390/biom15030317

Journal information: Biomolecules Provided by Maharishi International University

Study Finds Weight Training May Shield Ageing Brains from Dementia

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The advantages of weight training have long been recognised, particularly in promoting physical strength, building muscle mass, reducing body fat, and enhancing overall well-being. However, a new study conducted by researchers at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in São Paulo, Brazil, offers compelling evidence that its benefits extend even further into brain health. Specifically, the research demonstrates that regular resistance training may significantly protect older adults from cognitive decline, even in those already experiencing early signs of dementia. The study, published in the journal GeroScience, highlights the potential of weight training as a non-pharmacological intervention to mitigate the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

The study involved 44 individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a condition characterised by a level of cognitive decline more severe than expected for one’s age but not yet reaching the threshold for Alzheimer’s. Participants were divided into two groups, one undergoing a structured programme of twice-weekly weight training sessions for six months, while the other group remained sedentary as a control. The findings revealed measurable cognitive improvement among the weight training group, particularly in memory, and significant changes in brain structure. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed that those who engaged in resistance training experienced reduced atrophy in critical regions of the brain associated with Alzheimer’s—namely, the hippocampus and the precuneus.

These structural changes are especially noteworthy given these brain regions’ role in memory consolidation and spatial reasoning. The hippocampus, in particular, is one of the first areas affected in Alzheimer’s disease, and its deterioration is closely linked with the memory loss typical of the condition. By showing that weight training can help preserve volume in these areas, the researchers offer compelling evidence of its protective neurological effects. The study also observed improved white matter integrity in trained participants, a sign of healthier neural connections and reduced neurodegeneration. These results collectively suggest that strength training can offer neurobiological resistance against the structural hallmarks of dementia.

Dr Isadora Ribeiro, the study’s lead author and a doctoral fellow at UNICAMP, emphasised the significance of the results. While some cognitive and physical benefits of exercise were anticipated, the scale and specificity of the brain changes observed surpassed expectations. “We were keen to understand how weight training would influence brain anatomy in older individuals already at risk,” she noted. “What we discovered is highly encouraging: resistance training isn’t just about muscle—it’s also an effective tool for safeguarding brain health.” Dr Ribeiro further observed that, remarkably, five participants who initially had a clinical diagnosis of MCI showed sufficient cognitive improvement to no longer meet diagnostic criteria by the end of the trial, implying the possibility of partial or even complete reversal in the early stages of decline.

The implications of these findings stretch beyond academic curiosity. The study’s co-author and supervisor, Dr Marcio Balthazar of the Brazilian Institute for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), highlighted the practical importance of incorporating physical activity into public health strategies. He pointed out that emerging pharmacological treatments for dementia—such as anti-amyloid medications approved in the United States—can cost upwards of $30,000 annually, making them inaccessible for many and unsustainable at a systemic level. In contrast, weight training offers a low-cost, scalable, and non-invasive approach to prevention and early intervention. He called for increased integration of physical education professionals into primary healthcare teams to ensure such interventions are implemented widely and effectively.

One of the most compelling aspects of this research lies in its exploration of the biological mechanisms behind these benefits. Physical activity, including weight training, has been shown to stimulate the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and irisin, which play essential roles in neuroprotection and synaptic plasticity. These substances are produced in response to muscle contraction and have been linked to neurons’ growth, maintenance, and survival. Additionally, exercise has anti-inflammatory effects across the body, reducing the presence of pro-inflammatory proteins associated with accelerated neurodegeneration. Balthazar explains that inflammation plays a critical role in the cascade of damage leading to Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia and that mitigating it through regular exercise could prove transformative in slowing or even halting disease progression.

Further investigations are underway to understand better how changes in BDNF, irisin, and other markers relate to the observed anatomical shifts in the brain. While the current study only ran for six months, the researchers believe extending the training period could yield more impressive results. Dr Ribeiro speculated that a regimen lasting several years might not only arrest cognitive decline but potentially reverse MCI diagnoses in a significant proportion of patients. “It’s a prospect full of hope,” she remarked. “And one that deserves to be explored with more robust, longer-term clinical trials.”

In conclusion, this study sheds new light on the profound cognitive and neurological benefits of weight training for older adults. It serves as a call to action for policymakers, clinicians, and individuals alike to rethink ageing, cognitive health, and the role of physical activity in preventive medicine. Resistance training, often overshadowed by aerobic exercises in public discourse, emerges here as a tool for muscle maintenance and a formidable ally in the fight against dementia. As society grapples with the growing burden of Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases, this accessible, affordable, and evidence-based intervention may offer a glimmer of hope—and a solid foundation—for healthier ageing.

More information: Isadora Ribeiro et al, Resistance training protects the hippocampus and precuneus against atrophy and benefits white matter integrity in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, GeroScience. DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01483-8

Journal information: GeroScience Provided by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

Ageing immigrants and those living with dementia encounter comparable challenges in obtaining both social and healthcare services

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A recent investigation carried out by the University of Eastern Finland has shed light on the intricate and overlapping barriers that impede older immigrants and immigrants with dementia from accessing social and healthcare services in Finland. Published in the Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, the study draws on the perspectives of professionals who work closely with these populations, revealing how multiple, interconnected challenges affect service accessibility. Rather than existing in isolation, these barriers tend to reinforce one another, compounding the difficulties faced by vulnerable immigrant groups.

Among the most prominent issues are linguistic limitations, a lack of familiarity with digital tools, and insufficient awareness of legal rights or the range of social and medical services available. These issues are further exacerbated by an absence of supportive social networks, such as family and friends, as well as by instances of neglect or even abuse. Cultural disparities and differing conceptualisations of illness and care also contribute to these access gaps, revealing a need for more nuanced and inclusive approaches within Finland’s welfare and healthcare systems.

One of the study’s key findings is language’s role in magnifying other forms of exclusion. Difficulty with Finnish or Swedish, the country’s official languages, impairs older immigrants’ ability to communicate directly and limits their capacity to navigate increasingly digitalised public services. Individuals may remain unaware of their entitlements or assistance without digital literacy or language proficiency. For immigrants with dementia, the situation is particularly complex. Cognitive decline may lead them to forget previously acquired second languages, increasing their reliance on their mother tongue at a time when institutional support may be least accessible in that language.

The lack of close family ties or friendships—often a source of informal support in navigating bureaucratic systems—further isolates these individuals and heightens their vulnerability to mistreatment. Older immigrants frequently struggle to benefit from language instruction programmes designed for the general immigrant population, which may not be tailored to the needs of elderly learners. As a result, even services intended to promote inclusion can inadvertently exclude those who are older or experiencing cognitive decline. This points to the necessity of more targeted interventions and adaptive teaching methods for these subgroups.

Despite these challenges, the study also identifies avenues of support that can mitigate access issues. Family members, immigrant communities, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) frequently serve as intermediaries, helping individuals understand and access services while alleviating some of the demand on state-run systems. However, these entities are often under-resourced and rely heavily on volunteers or limited funding. The researchers stress that increased governmental backing for such organisations is beneficial and essential if Finland hopes to create a more equitable service environment.

Dr Alex Berg, a doctoral researcher involved in the project, emphasised the importance of practical solutions informed by service users’ lived experiences. One recommendation is recruiting more bilingual staff across social and healthcare services. This would enable older immigrants and those with dementia to seek help independently in their native language, reducing their reliance on family members or interpreters. Providing information about services in multiple languages is another vital step in ensuring equitable access and empowering immigrants to assert their rights within the system.

Finally, the study calls for a shift in how service providers approach immigrant clients. Rather than relying on assumptions or stereotypes, professionals are encouraged to treat immigrants like any other client while remaining sensitive to the cultural values and specific challenges that shape their experiences. This dual awareness—of shared humanity and individual context—could be key to bridging the service gap for older immigrants and those living with dementia. The findings underscore the urgent need for systemic changes that are culturally informed, linguistically inclusive, and responsive to the needs of an increasingly diverse ageing population.

More information: Alex Berg et al, Barriers to Accessing Care and Support Services for Older Immigrants and Immigrants with Dementia in Finland: Perspectives of Professional Social and Health Care Providers, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology. DOI: 10.1007/s10823-025-09523-2

Journal information: Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology Provided by University of Eastern Finland