People with dementia typically receive a diagnosis an average of 3.5 years after symptoms are first noticed, according to a study led by researchers at UCL. For those with early-onset dementia, the delay is even longer, averaging 4.1 years. The research, published in the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to examine global evidence on the time taken to diagnose dementia.
The team analysed data from 13 previously published studies carried out in Europe, the United States, Australia, and China, involving 30,257 participants. They measured the time between the first signs of symptoms—reported by patients or family carers through interviews or medical records—and a formal diagnosis. A pooled meta-analysis of 10 studies confirmed the average delay of 3.5 years, with early-onset dementia cases taking even longer. Younger age at onset and a diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia were associated with greater delays. At the same time, limited evidence indicated racial disparities, with one study showing that black patients faced longer waits.
Lead author Dr Vasiliki Orgeta (UCL Division of Psychiatry) said that timely diagnosis remains a significant challenge worldwide, shaped by complex and interlinked factors. Other research suggests that only 50–65% of cases are diagnosed in high-income countries, with rates even lower elsewhere. “Timely diagnosis can improve access to treatments and, for some people, prolong the time living with mild dementia before symptoms worsen,” she noted.
The study identified several barriers contributing to diagnostic delays. Symptoms are often mistaken for normal ageing, while fear, stigma, and low public awareness can discourage people from seeking medical advice. Within healthcare systems, inconsistent referral pathways, shortages of specialists, and under-resourced memory clinics further hinder timely diagnosis. In some cases, language barriers and the absence of culturally appropriate assessment tools create additional obstacles, especially in diverse populations.
Professor Rafael Del-Pino-Casado (University of Jaén, Spain) highlighted systemic issues that need to be addressed: “Within healthcare systems, inconsistent referral pathways, limited access to specialists, and under-resourced memory clinics can create further delays. For some, language differences or a lack of culturally appropriate assessment tools can make access to timely diagnosis even harder.” Dr Phuong Leung (UCL Division of Psychiatry) added that public misconceptions also play a role, with early symptoms too often dismissed as part of the natural ageing process.
The researchers emphasise the need for a multi-pronged approach to reduce delays. Public awareness campaigns could help people recognise early symptoms and reduce stigma, encouraging them to seek help sooner. Clinician training is also critical to improve early recognition and referral, while expanding access to early intervention and individualised support is essential so that people with dementia and their families receive timely and appropriate care. Dr Orgeta concluded that creating a clear framework for diagnosis—developed in collaboration with patients, carers, and support networks—is vital for addressing the global challenge of delayed dementia diagnosis.
More information: Olubunmi Kusoro et al, Time to Diagnosis in Dementia: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1002/gps.70129
Journal information: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Provided by University College London
