A study published in ERJ Open Research reveals that individuals who adhere to a healthy, plant-based diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and nuts are less likely to experience obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Conversely, those consuming an unhealthy plant-based diet, characterised by refined carbohydrates, sugary drinks, and high-salt foods, face an increased risk of OSA.
OSA is marked by loud snoring, interrupted breathing during sleep, and frequent awakenings, leading to daytime fatigue and heightened risks of conditions such as hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes.
Led by Dr Yohannes Melaku from Flinders University, Australia, the study analysed data from 14,210 participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants reported their dietary intake over 24 hours, which researchers categorised into healthy and unhealthy plant-based diets and diets high in animal products. They also completed questionnaires assessing OSA symptoms.
Results indicated that those consuming diets rich in plant-based foods were 19% less likely to suffer from OSA than those with the lowest plant-based food intake. Conversely, individuals consuming high amounts of unhealthy plant-based foods faced a 22% higher risk of OSA.
Interestingly, the study found varying impacts on OSA risk based on gender, with men showing a stronger correlation between a plant-based diet and reduced OSA risk than women. This highlights the potential for personalised dietary interventions in managing OSA.
Dr Melaku emphasised that the study underscores the role of diet quality in OSA management, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of a healthy plant-based diet may mitigate factors like inflammation and obesity that contribute to OSA risk.
Moving forward, researchers plan to investigate the relationship between ultra-processed foods and OSA risk in the same cohort, as well as explore long-term interactions between diet and OSA risk.
Commenting on the study, Professor Sophia Schiza from the University of Crete, Greece, noted the prevalence of undiagnosed OSA and stressed the importance of dietary modifications alongside other lifestyle changes like smoking cessation, weight management, and physical activity.
The study highlights the potential benefits of adopting a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains while minimising intake of unhealthy foods and sugary drinks to manage or prevent OSA. It calls for broader public awareness and support for healthier dietary choices to improve overall health outcomes related to sleep disorders like OSA.
More information: Yohannes Adama Melaku et al, Plant-based and vegetarian diets are associated with reduced obstructive sleep apnoea risk, ERJ Open Research. DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00739-2023
Journal information: ERJ Open Research Provided by European Respiratory Society
