Monthly Archives: May 2024

Scientists utilise wearable technology to monitor stress levels during sleep

Imagine a scenario where the subtle fluctuations in an individual’s stress levels could be pinpointed while they peacefully slumber, all thanks to wearable technology. A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers from the University of Vermont, published recently in PLOS Digital Health, illuminated this possibility. For the first time, alterations in perceived stress levels have been detected through sleep data analysis, marking a significant stride towards identifying biomarkers that could serve as early indicators for individuals requiring additional support.

Laura Bloomfield, a research assistant professor of mathematics and statistics and the study’s lead author, underscores the significance of sleep in maintaining both physical and mental well-being. She highlights the discernible changes in stress levels within sleep patterns, emphasising that “changes in stress are visible”.

Delving into the baseline sleep data, the researchers uncovered consistent correlations between individuals’ perceived stress scores and various sleep metrics such as total sleep duration, resting heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiratory rate. While it may come as no surprise that many participants fell short of the recommended 8 to 10 hours of sleep for young adults, every minute of sleep proved consequential. For each additional hour of recorded sleep, the likelihood of reporting moderate-to-high stress decreased by approximately 38 per cent. Similarly, nightly resting heart rates emerged as informative indicators, with each additional beat per minute correlating with a 3.6 per cent increase in the likelihood of experiencing stress.

Bloomfield’s involvement as a principal investigator in the Lived Experience Measured Using Rings Study (LEMURS) underscores the commitment to unravelling the intricate relationship between wearable technology and individuals’ mental well-being. LEMURS, a longitudinal study initiated at UVM in 2022, meticulously tracks hundreds of first- and second-year college students around the clock using wearable Oura ring biosensors and surveys probing their well-being. This study marks the inaugural peer-reviewed publication from LEMURS, showcasing the potential of wearables to unveil shifts in mental health status.

The research unveils the predictive capabilities of Oura ring sleep measures concerning participants’ perceived stress levels. Bloomfield underscores the potential for real-time identification of heightened stress levels, paving the way for timely interventions. She underlines the necessity for comprehending the nexus between sleep measures and mental health indicators as the foundational step towards implementing effective interventions.

The genesis of the LEMURS project lies in the visionary minds of Chris Danforth, professor of applied mathematics at UVM’s Vermont Complex Systems Center, and Laura Bloomfield, MD/Ph.D. Their overarching objective revolves around harnessing wearable technologies to enhance the health and well-being of young individuals through personalised feedback. Supported by a grant from MassMutual, LEMURS endeavours to address the prevalent issues of insufficient sleep and heightened stress among college students. The research ambit extends beyond mere observation, focusing on evaluating the efficacy of exercise, nature excursions, and group therapy interventions.

The multifaceted approach of LEMURS involves leveraging biometric data obtained from Oura rings, coupled with subjective responses from routine surveys, to garner insights into participants’ stressors and emotional states. Mikaela Fudolig, a research assistant professor of mathematics and statistics, underscores the potency of the vast dataset generated by LEMURS. She highlights the convergence of various data streams—from ring data and survey responses to nature exposure metrics and blood work—as the crux of the study’s efficacy.

The longitudinal nature of LEMURS affords a rare opportunity to track participants’ health trajectories over an extended period. With two cohorts of first-year students enrolled since its inception, LEMURS aims to provide comprehensive insights into physical and mental well-being dynamics throughout the college years and beyond. Fudolig elucidates the significance of synthesising diverse data sources, portraying it as the cornerstone of the study’s endeavour.

The meticulous analysis of sleep patterns among LEMURS participants has unearthed intriguing insights, particularly regarding heart rate dynamics. Fudolig highlights the emergence of distinct heart rate curves, particularly among female participants, correlating with reported impairments in daily functioning due to anxiety or depression.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing mental health challenges among young individuals, underscoring the urgency of initiatives like LEMURS. Bloomfield underscores the pressing need for accessible support systems tailored to the unique needs of young adults navigating the tumultuous terrain of college life. The study’s findings shed light on the pervasive burden of stress within this demographic, with a staggering 64% of responses reflecting moderate-to-high stress levels.

Bloomfield emphasises the nuanced nature of interpreting stress signals derived from biometric data, acknowledging the myriad factors influencing individuals’ stress responses. Despite the resilience inherent in this demographic, the study serves as a poignant reminder of the underlying issues confronting young adults, advocating for proactive interventions to safeguard their mental and physical well-being.

More information: Laura S. P. Bloomfield et al, Predicting stress in first-year college students using sleep data from wearable devices, PLOS Digital Health. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000473

Journal information: PLOS Digital Health Provided by University of Vermont

During the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults with diabetes suffered a decline in their functional abilities

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers discovered that around one in five older Canadian adults with diabetes who previously had no functional limitations developed such limitations for the first time. Functional limitations encompass difficulties with basic mobility tasks like walking a few blocks, rising from a chair, or ascending stairs. In contrast, only one in eight older adults without diabetes encountered new functional limitations during the same period.

Functional status, a critical predictor of both longevity and quality of life in older populations, tends to deteriorate more rapidly in individuals with diabetes compared to those without. Andie MacNeil, the lead author and a research assistant at the University of Toronto’s Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work and the Institute for Life Course and Aging, noted that the pandemic intensified various risk factors associated with functional decline, including social isolation and reduced physical activity. This led the research team to probe how the pandemic affected the functional status of older adults with diabetes.

The data for the study was drawn from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, which revealed that older adults with diabetes were 53% more likely to develop at least one new functional limitation during the pandemic than their non-diabetic counterparts. This was after accounting for major functional decline risk factors such as physical activity, obesity, smoking, and other chronic conditions. Still, those with diabetes had a 28% greater risk of functional decline.

Health professionals are encouraged by the findings to promote engagement in physical activity among older adults, particularly those with diabetes, to help maintain their functional status, as suggested by Susanna Abraham Cottagiri, a doctoral candidate at the School of Medicine at Queen’s University.

Significantly, the study underscored the influence of socioeconomic factors on the likelihood of developing functional limitations. Older adults with diabetes earning less than $20,000 annually were found to be at a fivefold higher risk of developing functional limitations compared to those earning over $100,000. Even for those without diabetes, the risk was doubled under similar economic conditions. This finding, reiterated by Ying Jiang, a senior epidemiologist at the Public Health Agency of Canada and co-author of the study, emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to address socioeconomic disparities in functional decline.

The researchers also examined how functional limitations varied across different patient characteristics, including sex, diabetes status, and household income, considering various risk factors such as age, physical activity, smoking, multimorbidity, and body weight. Socioeconomic status consistently emerged as a significant determinant of functional health across these profiles.

Professor Paul Villeneuve of Carleton University’s Department of Neuroscience and the CHAIM Research Centre posited that lower socioeconomic status might lead to more significant lifetime stressors that can negatively affect life’s physical functioning. Such stressors include more physically demanding jobs, poorer nutrition, and living in environments with fewer green spaces and lower walkability.

The study’s implications are significant, offering potential strategies to enhance physical function in middle-aged and older adults. Margaret de Groh, a co-author and scientific manager at the Public Health Agency of Canada, emphasized the benefits of a comprehensive approach. This includes lifestyle modifications involving physical activity and nutritional interventions, which have shown promise in improving physical function among older adults with diabetes.

Professor Esme Fuller-Thomson, the senior author and director of the Institute for Life Course & Aging at the University of Toronto, also pointed out that poverty remains a significant obstacle to nutrition and food security. She advocated for broader strategies to reduce poverty and improve food access in Canada to support better physical functioning among older adults. These comprehensive approaches can help mitigate the adverse effects of diabetes on older adults, potentially leading to improved quality of life and extended longevity for this vulnerable population.

More information: Andie MacNeil et al, Incident Functional Limitations Among Older Adults With Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Prospective Data From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, Canadian Journal of Diabetes. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2024.02.005

Journal information: Canadian Journal of Diabetes Provided by University of Toronto

Taking into account the various factors that contribute to cognitive difficulties in older veterans may enhance personalised care

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A recent study explored how cognitive performance, memory functions, and risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease correlate in veterans aged 65 and older who do not have dementia. The findings revealed various patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses, along with Alzheimer’s disease risk. The results suggest that older veterans experiencing specific cognitive issues might be erroneously diagnosed with potential Alzheimer’s disease when, in reality, other conditions, such as PTSD, could be the underlying cause of their cognitive challenges.

“PTSD consistently appears to be a significant factor in mild cognitive impairments, which indicates that Alzheimer’s disease might not always be the culprit in these cases among older veterans,” stated Dr. Kelsey R. Thomas, PhD, the lead researcher of the study. “This research has helped to reinforce the link between PTSD and cognitive difficulties in this group, providing us with a clearer direction for future investigations to better understand this association.”

The study also suggests that some Alzheimer’s disease screenings, which primarily focus on memory issues, might overlook older veterans who are at high risk of Alzheimer’s disease (as identified through PET scans showing high amyloid levels). More comprehensive assessments that include attention and executive functioning tests could identify these cognitive challenges more accurately.

“It’s common to diagnose cognitive impairment or dementia based on basic cognitive screenings or dementia rating scales. However, these might not capture all the necessary information that could influence treatment recommendations,” Dr. Thomas explained. “This underscores the importance of conducting thorough evaluations of older veterans, incorporating detailed cognitive assessments, clinical interviews, and when appropriate, biomarker tests for Alzheimer’s disease. Such approaches help us consider modifiable factors like PTSD, sleep quality, and pain, which can guide treatment recommendations and determine whether Alzheimer’s disease is a probable factor.”

The study categorised three groups of older veterans based on their self-reported cognitive decline, cognitive function tests (covering memory, language, and executive functions), and amyloid burden measured by PET scans. These groups were initially classified based on these criteria and then monitored over a year to observe overall cognition and daily functioning changes.

The findings highlight the need to re-evaluate how cognitive assessments and treatment options are considered for older veterans, advocating for more personalised approaches.

Driven by a commitment to enhance the lives of those who served, Dr. Thomas emphasises, “It’s crucial that we assist veterans in finding the most effective treatments. This research aims to highlight the need for care specifically tailored to older veterans’ needs.”

More information: Thomas, Kelsey R. et al, Cognition and Amyloid-β in Older Veterans: Characterization and Longitudinal Outcomes of Data-Derived Phenotypes, Journal of Alzheimer s Disease. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-240077

Journal information: Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Provided by IOS Press

Research elucidates how childhood maltreatment affects mental and physical health well into adulthood

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Childhood maltreatment can persistently influence health well into adulthood, primarily affecting an individual’s risk of poor physical health and subsequent traumatic experiences, according to recent findings.

Those who suffer from emotional, physical, and sexual abuse or neglect during childhood are at a heightened risk of developing mental health issues that can last throughout their lives. The enduring nature of this risk, even decades after the initial maltreatment, remains a complex issue not yet fully understood.

Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a study conducted by researchers from the University of Cambridge and Leiden University reveals that the lasting impact of childhood maltreatment on adult brains is due to an increased likelihood of obesity, inflammation, and trauma in adulthood. These factors contribute to poor health and well-being and influence brain structure and health.

The research involved analysing MRI brain scans from roughly 21,000 adults aged between 40 and 70, sourced from the UK Biobank. This data, combined with information on body mass index, CRP levels (a marker of inflammation), and personal histories of childhood maltreatment and adult trauma, provided a comprehensive view of the long-term effects of early adverse experiences.

Sofia Orellana, a PhD student at the Department of Psychiatry and Darwin College at the University of Cambridge, highlighted that the interconnectedness of childhood abuse or neglect with long-term mental and physical health problems, including adverse effects on the brain, immune, and metabolic systems, has been recognised but not fully explained. This interaction, she noted, affects critical aspects of health like heart health or the likelihood of developing diabetes.

The researchers employed statistical models to dissect these interactions further. They confirmed that childhood maltreatment increases the likelihood of higher body mass index and more frequent traumatic experiences in later life. These conditions often lead to immune system dysfunction, a consequence of chronic obesity and recurrent trauma.

Further analysis incorporating MRI data of the adult participants revealed significant changes in brain thickness and volume linked to increased body mass index, inflammation, and trauma, which were ultimately traced back to childhood maltreatment. These alterations in brain structure suggest physical damage to brain cells, impacting their functionality.

While the mechanisms at the cellular level in the brain still require further exploration, the researchers believe their findings significantly enhance the understanding of how adverse childhood experiences contribute to a lifelong increased risk of disorders affecting both brain and mental health.

Professor Ed Bullmore from the Department of Psychiatry and an Honorary Fellow at Downing College, Cambridge, expressed optimism about the implications of these findings. With a better grasp of the long-term effects of childhood maltreatment, the research could lead to the identification of biomarkers that signal increased risk of ongoing issues. This advancement could enable targeted early interventions for those most in need, potentially interrupting the cycle of ill health associated with early adverse experiences.

More information: Sofia C. Orellana et al, Childhood maltreatment influences adult brain structure through its effects on immune, metabolic, and psychosocial factors, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304704121

Journal information: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Provided by University of Cambridge

Understanding the Mechanisms of Ageing

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Ageing clocks accurately determine the biological age of humans with remarkable precision. Unlike chronological age, calculated from birth, biological age can be swayed by environmental influences like smoking or dietary habits. This precision suggests that ageing is not merely a linear process but follows a programmed pathway. Scientists David Meyer and Professor Dr Björn Schumacher from CECAD, the Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases at the University of Cologne, have uncovered that ageing clocks primarily measure the escalation of random or stochastic cellular changes. Their findings were detailed in the ‘Aging clocks based on accumulating stochastic variation’ study published in Nature Aging.

Professor Schumacher explains, “Aging is initiated by damage to the cellular building blocks, which mostly occurs randomly. Our research aligns the precision of aging clocks with the accumulation of stochastic alterations within our cells.”

As individuals age, the regulation of cellular processes declines, leading to increasingly stochastic outcomes. This is particularly noticeable in the stochastic changes observed in DNA methylation. Methylation involves chemical modifications that affect DNA, which are the fundamental components of the genome. While these methylation processes are usually tightly controlled, random variations in these patterns emerge over a person’s lifetime. The aggregation of these variations serves as an exact indicator of age.

The researchers, Meyer and Schumacher, have also shown that the increase in stochastic variations in gene activity could serve as a basis for an aging clock. Schumacher suggests, “Theoretically, it could be possible to extend this further, allowing stochastic variations in any cellular process to predict age.” He underscores the importance of determining whether such aging clocks can accurately reflect the effectiveness of age-slowing interventions or identify detrimental factors that accelerate aging. This could open up new avenues for the development of interventions that address the fundamental causes of ageing and potentially lead to cellular rejuvenation.

In their study, using existing datasets, the scientists illustrated that smoking amplifies these random human changes while ‘anti-ageing’ interventions, such as reduced calorie consumption in mice, decrease methylation pattern variations. They also discovered that this stochastic noise is reversible through cellular reprogramming to stem cells. The scientists compared human fibroblasts from the skin reprogrammed to stem cells, which showed rejuvenation due to the reprogramming, reversing the high variation typical of aged cells back to the low stochastic noise observed in young stem cells.

Meyer and Schumacher’s insights into the loss of regulation and the increase in stochastic variations could have significant implications. They could pave the way for new interventions that address the fundamental causes of ageing and potentially lead to cellular rejuvenation. For instance, potential targets for such interventions could include repairing stochastic changes in DNA or enhancing the control of gene expression. These interventions could slow the ageing process and improve health outcomes in ageing populations.

More information: David H. Meyer et al, Aging clocks based on accumulating stochastic variation, Nature Aging. DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00619-x

Journal information: Nature Aging Provided by University of Cologne

Enhancing dementia care in nursing homes: Insights from the pandemic years

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No individual connected with nursing homes – whether they are residents, their families, friends, staff, or administrators – can ignore the profound influence of the pandemic on these critical facilities that cater to an increasing number of older adults, many of whom suffer from cognitive impairments.

In the editorial titled “Learning from the experience of dementia care for nursing home residents during the pandemic,” published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Kathleen Unroe, M.D., MHA, M.S., a respected researcher-clinician from the Regenstrief Institute and Indiana University School of Medicine, along with Gail Towsley, PhD, NHA, a renowned expert from the University of Utah College of Nursing, address the ongoing necessity of incorporating high-quality, dementia-specific care into nursing homes.

The editorial delves into the complex decisions faced by nursing home leaders during the pandemic, who were tasked with managing competing needs. They had to balance the pressure to relieve hospitals by admitting new patients with the responsibility of ensuring the safety of staff and long-standing residents. This constant juggling of risk versus benefit often led to difficult compromises between safety measures and residents’ quality of life.

The piece brings attention to the varied uncertainties and stressors that long-term care providers and their charges face, focusing on challenges such as resident social isolation, staff recruitment, training, retention, and the problematic balance between optimal infection control and the best practices in dementia care.

“A majority of people who receive care in nursing homes have cognitive impairment,” Dr. Unroe emphasized. “High-quality care for these individuals, including those diagnosed with dementia, should be person-centered. This involves understanding a person’s care goals and treatment preferences, ensuring these are well-documented and then met, even for those who are no longer able to participate in these discussions.”

Dr Unroe also noted the inherent isolation of nursing home residents from their communities, former neighbourhoods, contacts, and families, emphasizing the need to maintain these vital connections actively. This includes facilitating easy participation of family and friends in the nursing home life and enabling residents to engage with their communities and families outside the facility.

Dr Unroe highlighted several vital lessons from the pandemic, including the necessity for specific dementia care staff training, the value of telehealth communications, and the importance of expanding families’ roles in nursing home care.

In 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine released “The National Imperative to Improve Nursing Home Quality.” This report acknowledged the catastrophic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nursing home residents and staff, drawing renewed attention to the chronic deficiencies that hinder the provision of high-quality care in these settings. It calls on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and state governments to enhance oversight of nursing homes to prevent a recurrence of the failures experienced during the pandemic.

In conclusion, Drs. Unroe and Towsley emphasize the importance of seizing opportunities to unite around solutions to address persistent challenges in nursing home settings, noting, “While the pandemic included lessons we wish we did not have to learn, it offers us a chance to alter our practices and re-focus on high-quality dementia care.”

More information: Kathleen T. Unroe et al, Learning from the experience of dementia care for nursing home residents during the pandemic, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18771

Journal information: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Provided by Regenstrief Institute

The potential exposure to PFAS from diets high in seafood might be underestimated

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A recent study led by Dartmouth College has raised concerns about the potential for increased exposure to PFAS (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances) among individuals who consume seafood frequently. These chemicals, often referred to as “forever chemicals” due to their persistent nature, are found ubiquitously in the environment and are known for their durability. The study, published in the journal Exposure and Health, underscores the need for more robust public health guidelines limiting seafood consumption to reduce PFAS exposure.

The researchers, including Megan Romano, an associate professor of epidemiology at Dartmouth’s Geisel School of Medicine and the study’s corresponding author, emphasize that while seafood is an excellent source of lean protein and omega fatty acids, it may also be a significant, yet underappreciated, source of PFAS. According to Romano, the study aims not to discourage seafood consumption but to highlight the need for a balanced understanding of the risks and benefits, particularly for sensitive groups such as pregnant individuals and children.

The research conducted a meticulous examination of PFAS levels in commonly consumed marine species in New Hampshire—a state renowned for its high seafood consumption and located in a region with a historical prevalence of industrial pollution and PFAS contamination. The study specifically focused on marine species such as cod, haddock, lobster, salmon, scallops, shrimp, and tuna sourced from a coastal market in New Hampshire. Notably, shrimp and lobster exhibited alarmingly high levels of PFAS, with concentrations peaking at 3.30 nanograms per gram of flesh in certain samples.

Furthermore, the study highlighted that most existing research on PFAS contamination has concentrated on freshwater species, less commonly consumed than marine varieties, thus identifying a significant gap in the literature. Romano, whose work primarily investigates the impact of PFAS and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals in drinking water, pointed out the unique risk faced by New England’s seafood lovers.

Complementing this analysis was a statewide survey assessing the seafood consumption habits of New Hampshire residents. The survey revealed that men in New Hampshire consume just over one ounce of seafood daily, with women consuming slightly less. These figures are considerably higher than the national averages and underscore the importance of understanding local dietary habits when assessing exposure risks.

The presence of PFAS in the environment complicates tracing how these chemicals enter the marine food chain. However, the study suggests that shellfish might be particularly vulnerable to PFAS accumulation due to their feeding habits and habitat on the seafloor close to pollution sources. Moreover, larger marine species may absorb PFAS by consuming smaller, contaminated species.

This comprehensive research underscores the urgent necessity for regulatory guidelines specifically addressing PFAS in seafood, akin to those already in place for other contaminants like mercury. The absence of such guidelines leaves populations that frequently consume seafood, particularly in regions like New England, potentially exposed to these harmful chemicals.

Celia Chen, a co-author of the study and a research professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Dartmouth, along with Kathryn Crawford, the study’s first author and an assistant professor of environmental studies at Middlebury College, both advocate for the establishment of consumption advisories that take into account the unique risks posed by PFAS. Such guidelines would protect vulnerable populations and allow the general public to continue enjoying seafood’s health benefits without undue exposure to these harmful chemicals.

This study is a crucial step in addressing the dual challenge of maintaining the dietary benefits of seafood while managing and mitigating the risks associated with persistent environmental pollutants like PFAS.

More information: Kathryn A. Crawford et al, Patterns of Seafood Consumption Among New Hampshire Residents Suggest Potential Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Exposure and Health. DOI: 10.1007/s12403-024-00640-w

Journal information: Exposure and Health Provided by Dartmouth College

Using various soaps may influence your attractiveness to mosquitoes either positively or negatively

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Numerous theories exist regarding why mosquitoes are more attracted to some individuals while others remain largely unbitten. A research group from Virginia Tech published their findings in the journal iScience on May 10, revealing that certain soaps can either attract or repel mosquitoes, depending on the individual’s unique body odour combined with the soap’s effects.

Senior author and neuroethologist Clément Vinauger (@thevinaugerlab) highlighted the dramatic changes that can occur: “It’s astonishing how an individual who is highly attractive to mosquitoes without washing can become even more appealing with one type of soap, yet completely repulsive with another.”

Humans have utilised soaps and scented personal care products since ancient times, which are known to alter our perceptions of each other’s body odour. However, it remains to be seen how these products affect mosquitoes’ ability to differentiate between potential blood donors. Since mosquitoes primarily feed on plant nectar rather than blood, introducing plant-like or plant-derived scents could disrupt their decision-making process.

The study began by analysing the chemical odour profiles emitted by four volunteers, both in unwashed states and after using one of four different soap brands: Dial, Dove, Native, and Simple Truth. The researchers also examined the scent profiles of the soaps themselves.

The findings revealed that each volunteer had a distinct odour profile, with specific profiles attracting mosquitoes more than others. Washing with soap significantly altered these odour profiles by adding floral scents and modifying the emission of naturally occurring compounds.

“Everyone’s body odour is unique, and this uniqueness extends even after soap is applied. Factors like your physiological state, lifestyle, diet, and environment influence your scent,” explained co-author and biologist Chloé Lahondère. “Soaps dramatically change our scent by introducing chemicals and altering the natural emission of compounds.”

The researchers then assessed how attractive each volunteer was to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, comparing their appeal when unwashed to their appeal an hour after using the soaps. The study focused on adult female mosquitoes that had recently mated, as only females feed on blood post-mating. They excluded the influence of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2), another significant cue for mosquitoes, by conducting tests on fabric imbued with the volunteers’ scents rather than directly on their skin.

Results indicated that the impact of soap on mosquito preference varied not only between the different types of soap but also among the human volunteers. For instance, washing with Dove and Simple Truth soaps increased the attractiveness of some volunteers, whereas Native soap generally repelled mosquitoes.

Vinauger emphasised the importance of specific chemical associations and combinations: “For mosquitoes, it’s not about the most abundant chemical but the particular combinations of chemicals from the soap and our body odours.” Despite limonene, a known mosquito repellent, being a common ingredient in all tested soaps, three of the four soaps still increased mosquito attraction.

Lahondère added, “The ratios of chemicals are crucial in determining whether mosquitoes are drawn or repelled. Altering the ratio of the same chemicals can lead to attraction, indifference, or repulsion.”

To pinpoint the specific ingredients that either attract or repel mosquitoes, the team analysed the chemical compositions of the soaps and their effects on mosquito preference. They identified four chemicals linked to attraction and three to repulsion, including a coconut-scented chemical found in American Bourbon and a floral compound used in treating scabies and lice. These findings were used to create and test blends of attractive and repellent odours, significantly influencing mosquito preferences.

“With these mixtures, we’ve removed all extraneous elements in the signal, focusing only on those chemicals that statistics show are crucial for attraction or repulsion,” Vinauger noted. “If I wanted to reduce mosquito attraction, I would choose a coconut-scented soap.”

The research team plans to extend these studies by testing more varieties of soap and a more significant number of individuals, aiming to uncover broader patterns or rules. They are also interested in examining how the timing of soap application affects mosquito preference over a longer duration. “We’re particularly eager to see how long the effect lasts—whether a morning shower still influences mosquito attraction by the evening,” Vinauger concluded.

More information: Morgen VanderGiessen et al, Soap application alters mosquito-host interactions, iScience. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106667

Journal information: iScience Provided by Cell Press

Low oxygen during sleep and sleep apnea associated with epilepsy in older adults

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Sleep apnea and low oxygen levels during sleep are linked to epilepsy that first manifests after the age of 60, termed late-onset epilepsy, according to a study supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and featured in the journal Sleep. This connection remains significant even when accounting for other well-established risk factors for late-onset epilepsy and sleep apnea, such as hypertension and stroke. These insights could enhance our understanding of the relationship between sleep disorders and late-onset epilepsy and could highlight new avenues for therapeutic intervention.

Rebecca Gottesman, M.D., Ph.D., who is the chief of the Stroke Branch at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and also a contributor to the study, noted the growing body of evidence suggesting that late-onset epilepsy could signal underlying vascular or neurodegenerative disease, possibly serving as a preclinical indicator of such conditions. She highlighted that among various age groups, older adults display the highest rates of newly diagnosed epilepsy, with nearly half of these cases having no apparent cause. Although sleep apnea is prevalent among individuals with epilepsy, its precise role is not thoroughly understood.

The research team, headed by Christopher Carosella, M.D., an assistant professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, pinpointed cases of late-onset epilepsy using Medicare claims and examined sleep data from over 1,300 participants involved in a study focused on sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular health. They discovered that individuals experiencing nocturnal hypoxia, where oxygen saturation drops below 80% during sleep, were three times more likely to develop late-onset epilepsy compared to those without such severe drops in oxygen levels. Moreover, participants who reported having sleep apnea later in life were twice as likely to develop late-onset epilepsy as those without this sleep condition.

The researchers found that the severity of hypoxia during sleep was linked to an increased likelihood of developing late-onset epilepsy, independent of other concurrent medical conditions and demographic factors. Interestingly, the study did not find a correlation with the apnea-hypopnea index, a standard measure of sleep apnea severity.

The study highlights that sleep apnea is a known risk factor for various other aspects of poor brain health, including increased risks of stroke and dementia. However, its association with epilepsy had not been previously established. The findings suggest that chronic, repeated exposure to low oxygen levels overnight could induce brain changes that eventually escalate the risk of epilepsy. While the study does not confirm whether treating or preventing sleep apnea could reduce epilepsy risk, it implies that addressing sleep apnea might be a crucial strategy for mitigating the risk of late-onset epilepsy.

Dr. Carosella expressed optimism about the implications of their findings, stating that identifying a reversible cause for any idiopathic epilepsy is a long-standing ambition among epilepsy researchers and clinicians. He hopes this study represents an initial step towards this goal and encourages further evaluation and treatment of sleep disorders in epilepsy patients.

Given the broader implications of sleep apnea on cardiovascular and brain health, these findings could also help identify individuals at risk for these conditions, potentially opening doors to preventative treatments and interventions.

More information: Christopher M Carosella et al, Sleep apnea, hypoxia, and late-onset epilepsy: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, SLEEP. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad233

Journal information: SLEEP Provided by NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Perceived gender discrimination associated with a decrease in wellbeing among older women

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A research project involving over 3,000 middle-aged and later-aged women in England has uncovered that individuals who felt they had been subjected to gender discrimination were more prone to experiencing declines in their wellbeing over time. Ruth Hackett from King’s College London, UK, and her team shared these insights in the open-access journal PLOS ONE on March 20, 2024.

Previous studies have indicated that individuals who believe they have faced gender discrimination tend to report lower mental wellbeing. However, these studies often did not track wellbeing longitudinally or primarily focused on younger demographics.

To understand how this dynamic plays out among older women, Hackett and her colleagues examined data from 3,081 participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), which tracks a broad demographic of people over 50.

During 2010 or 2011, each participant responded to queries regarding the frequency of their encounters with various forms of discrimination, such as harassment or receiving less respect or courtesy, and whether they attributed these experiences to their gender or another characteristic like race or age. They also completed standard questionnaires to assess mental wellbeing on two occasions, first in 2010 or 2011 and then in 2016 or 2017.

About 9.2 per cent of the participants reported experiencing gender discrimination, often in situations where they were treated with less respect or courtesy. Notably, those who perceived gender discrimination reported higher instances of depressive symptoms, increased loneliness, and a decline in both quality of life and life satisfaction. From one time point to the next, there was a tendency among these women to report worsened quality of life and life satisfaction, along with heightened feelings of loneliness. These observations remained significant even after adjusting for other factors related to wellbeing, such as age, wealth, and physical activity levels.

These outcomes point to a possible link between perceived gender discrimination and deteriorating mental wellbeing in women during middle age and beyond, leading the researchers to advocate for intensified efforts to combat gender discrimination. They also highlight the importance of further investigations to better understand this association’s underpinnings and overcome the study’s limitations, including its lack of diversity among participants.

The researchers concluded: “Our findings reveal that middle-aged and older women who experienced perceived sexism were more susceptible to depression and loneliness compared to those who did not perceive sexism. Additionally, these women indicated lower levels of life satisfaction and poor quality of life. The enduring negative impact of gender-based discrimination on mental health and wellbeing observed six years later raises significant concerns.”

More information: Ruth A. Hackett et al, The relationship between gender discrimination and wellbeing in middle-aged and older women, PLoS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299381

Journal information: PLoS ONE Provided by PLOS

A few cups of coffee daily may help prevent Parkinson’s disease in individuals at increased risk

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According to research by the National Neuroscience Institute, individuals with Asian gene variants associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) who regularly consume tea or coffee have a substantially lower risk—four to eight times less—of developing the condition compared to those who do not consume caffeine but carry the PD genes. Caffeine consumers with the PD gene have a lower risk of developing PD than non-caffeine consumers without the gene.

Professor Tan Eng King, the study’s Principal Investigator, Deputy Chief Executive Officer (Academic Affairs), and Senior Consultant at the Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, emphasized that caffeine has a known potential protective effect against PD and other neurodegenerative conditions. The study highlights its significant impact in reducing PD risk, thus balancing the risk levels for Asians who are genetically predisposed to PD but are currently without symptoms.

Professor Tan announced these findings at the 10th Singapore International Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Symposium. He explained that caffeine is believed to reduce inflammation in brain neurons, which can prevent cell death. However, the specific interactions between caffeine and Asian PD gene variants remain unclear.

The research involved 4,488 participants and found that individuals with specific Asian genetic variants are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to develop PD. These variants are most prevalent among East Asians, with up to 10% of the Singapore population carrying one of these gene variants located in the coding region, which is crucial for protein synthesis.

Participants in the study completed a validated caffeine intake questionnaire. The average caffeine consumption was 448.3 mg among those diagnosed with PD and 473.0 mg among healthy controls. This is equivalent to 4 to 5 cups of Western-style Arabica coffee or 2 cups of traditional Singapore coffee made from Robusta beans, which are higher in caffeine content. The study also noted that higher doses of caffeine seemed to enhance protective benefits, though even those consuming less than 200 mg of caffeine daily saw a reduced risk of PD. Daily 400 mg of caffeine is generally considered safe for most healthy adults.

Parkinson’s disease is the fastest-growing neurodegenerative condition worldwide, with over 8,000 individuals living with PD in Singapore alone. This figure represents only a fraction of the potential cases, as a study by NNI indicated that 26% of the local elderly population show mild Parkinsonian signs. Professor Tan highlighted that these findings represent a significant advance in combatting this debilitating condition.

He stressed the broader implications of this research for PD prevention, particularly in regions like Singapore, where the relevant Asian gene variants are prevalent. In these communities, tea and coffee are widely available and culturally ingrained, offering a simple, enjoyable, and social means for individuals to decrease their PD risk.

More information: Yi-Lin Ong et al, Caffeine intake interacts with Asian gene variants in Parkinson’s disease: a study in 4488 subjects, The Lancet. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100877

Journal information: The Lancet Provided by SingHealth

Introducing spatial orientation tests would enhance safety assessments for older drivers

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New findings from the University of East Anglia (UEA) reveal that older drivers with diminished spatial orientation capabilities face more challenges while executing turns across oncoming traffic. Spatial orientation, a crucial skill set for drivers, involves mentally ascertaining one’s or one’s vehicle’s position relative to the surroundings.

Sol Morrissey, a doctoral student at UEA’s Norwich Medical School, underscores the profound implications of ageing on driving safety. As individuals age, a myriad of changes can impact driving behavior, yet the specific role of cerebral alterations in this behavior remains largely uncharted. Morrissey’s study illuminates that older adults with compromised spatial orientation tend to drive less frequently and report more difficulties while driving. A striking discovery is an association between poor spatial orientation and heightened challenges in navigating turns across oncoming traffic, a well-known precursor to serious road accidents. This revelation hints at the potential future integration of spatial orientation tests in driving safety assessments for the elderly, a measure that could significantly enhance road safety.

The study, conducted between February and August 2021, involved 804 participants, averaging 71. Criteria for inclusion were being 65 or older, holding a valid driving license, and driving at least once a week. Participants provided information through online surveys covering demographics, health, driving history and habits, and incidents, in addition to assessments of spatial memory and navigation skills. They also underwent neuropsychological tests to evaluate cognitive performance in various domains.

Results highlighted a direct link between spatial orientation deficits and driving difficulties among the elderly, reinforcing previous studies that identified processing speed as a crucial factor affecting driving in older adults. Spatial orientation emerged as the sole cognitive skill significantly impacting driving behaviour, underscoring its importance in safely navigating turns and judging vehicle positioning.

The overrepresentation of older adults in multi-vehicle intersection crashes points to spatial orientation deficits as a significant individual risk factor. The study’s findings further demonstrate that poor spatial orientation, reduced processing speed, and episodic memory are associated with increased driving difficulty and avoidance of challenging driving scenarios.

Professor Michael Hornberger of Norwich Medical School underscores the robustness of spatial orientation deficits as an indicator of driving performance in the elderly. He advocates for the consideration of these deficits in future driving assessments to bolster road safety among the ageing population. With the projected increase in the number of older drivers, comprehending and addressing the challenges posed by age-related physiological changes and health conditions become pivotal for maintaining both independence and safety. The study’s findings offer a beacon of hope, suggesting that incorporating spatial orientation tests in driving safety assessments can potentially mitigate the risks associated with ageing and driving.

Traditionally, research on the impact of ageing on driving has focused more on physical and sensory functions, with less attention given to cognitive changes despite their known significance. The UEA study contributes valuable normative data on cognitive functioning in healthy older adults, utilizing online cognitive assessments to offer a more convenient and efficient alternative to traditional in-person tests for monitoring changes in driving fitness over time.

The researchers also propose that spatial orientation’s role in driving difficulty could explain the reduced road safety observed in individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease. However, they acknowledge limitations such as reliance on self-reported driving behaviours and their study’s lack of environmental context. Future research could include naturalistic driving measures and explore cognitive functioning trajectories to inform the frequency and fitness methods to drive assessments and monitoring.

More information: Sol Morrissey et al, The Impact of Spatial Orientation Changes on Driving Behavior in Healthy Aging, Journal of Gerontology. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad188

Journal information: Journal of Gerontology Provided by University of East Anglia